Anti-inflammatory and analgesic heterocyclic amidines that inhibit nitrogen oxide (NO) production转让专利
申请号 : US11068347
文献号 : US07674809B2
文献日 : 2010-03-09
发明人 : Francesco Makovec , Antonio Giordani , Roberto Artusi , Stefano Mandelli , Ilario Verpilio , Simona Zanzola , Lucio Claudio Rovati
申请人 : Francesco Makovec , Antonio Giordani , Roberto Artusi , Stefano Mandelli , Ilario Verpilio , Simona Zanzola , Lucio Claudio Rovati
摘要 :
权利要求 :
What is claimed is:
说明书 :
The subject of the present invention are novel heteroaromatic amidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, methods for preparing the said derivatives and formulations thereof, and also their therapeutic use.
In particular, the present invention relates to the compounds of Formula (I) and to the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which show marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, both by inhibiting the production of nitrogen oxide (NO) and by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, such as PGE2, and of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and are therefore useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of pathologies associated with excessive production of NO due to expression of inducible NOS and of inflammatory prostaglandins produced by COX-2 and cytokines such as IL-6.
Among the typical pathologies associated with anomalous production of NO, prostaglandins and cytokines are: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, synovitis, neuropathies, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and inflammatory or atherosclerotic pathologies of the cardiovascular system.
Nitrogen oxide (NO) is a chemical mediator that is widely involved in various physiological phenomena. At the start of the 1980s it was discovered that the factor with vasodilatory activity released by the endothelium (endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF), which causes acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, is not other than NO released by the cells of the vascular endothelium. This discovery was concomitant with the identification of the metabolic pathway mediated by the enzyme NO synthetase (NOS), which, starting with L-arginine, leads to L-citrulline and NO (Moncada S., Higgs A., N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329 (27), 2002-12).
Three isoforms of the enzyme NOS have been identified. The isoforms hitherto characterized are two constitutive isoforms, known as the type I or neuronal isoform (nNOS) and the type III or endothelial isoform (eNOS), and an inducible isoform, known as the type II or iNOS isoform.
iNOS is induced after activation, in particular cells, in response to an endotoxin- or cytokine-induced inflammatory stimulus; the control of iNOS is thus regulated at the level of synthesis of the protein, which, once expressed, produces high concentrations of NO for relatively long times.
Macrophages, endothelial cells, endothelial smooth muscle, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and the pulmonary epithelium are particularly effective as regards the expression of iNOS following an inflammatory stimulus.
A noteworthy difference between the constitutive enzymes and the inducible enzyme is thus a delayed but more sustained and longer-lasting production of NO mediated by the inducible enzyme, together at the site where this mediator is released. This determines the differences that give rise to the NO-mediated physiological or pathophysiological effects.
Thus, whereas NO released from the constitutive enzymes acts as a mediator within a signal translation system, for instance the activation of guanylate cyclase by the NO released from the endothelial cells, which, by raising the levels of cGMP, controls the vascular tonus and muscle relaxation.
On the other hand, NO released from the inducible isoform acts as a cytotoxic molecule, involved in body defence mechanisms (Dugas B. et al.; Res. Immunol. 1995, 146 (9) 664-70).
Thus, whereas, on the one hand, when appropriately regulated, iNOS is an enzyme of fundamental importance for the immune system, imbalances in the synthesis of iNOS-mediated NO may lead to a whole range of pathologies involved in inflammatory processes or involving the immune system as indicated previously.
It has been demonstrated that iNOS is induced in every species by inflammatory processes and that suppression of its activity is effective in reducing inflammatory symptomatologies (A. J. Hobbs et al., Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1999, 39, 191-220).
It is believed, on the one hand, that NO is involved, together with other mediators, in physiological processes of plasticity and reconstitution of bone tissue, whereas, on the other hand, the involvement of iNOS-derived NO in the inflammatory process and in the degeneration of the tissues characterized in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) has been shown (van't Hof R J, Ralston S H.; Nitric oxide and bone, Immunology, 2001 July; 103(3): 255-261).
In point of fact, iNOS has been found in the synovia and cartilage of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and it has been demonstrated that both the synovial cells and the chondrocytes, in vitro, are capable of expressing iNOS by stimulation with cytokines. In addition, it has been shown that NO is a powerful stimulator of chondrocyte and synovial cell apoptosis, which would explain the tissue degeneration observed in RA (Armour K J, et al., Arthritis Rheum. 2001 December; 44(12):2790-6).
The high concentration of NO in patients with ulcerative colitis also suggests in this case an involvement of iNOS in this pathology.
With the identification of NO as the critical mediator of a congruous number of physiopathological processes, pharmacological control of its production is clearly of therapeutic potential. The first agents appearing in the literature capable of interfering with the production of NOS-mediated NO were enzyme inhibitors which were analogues of the substrate (L-arginine), among the following: L-NMMA (NG-methyl-L-arginine), L-NNA (NG-nitro-L-arginine), L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), L-NAA (NG-amino-L-arginine) and L-NIO (Nδ-iminoethyl-L-ornithine).
On account of their weak selectivity between the various isoforms, the clinical use of these inhibitors requires great care, since inhibition of the constitutive forms may have serious consequences, such as hypertension and more severe possible effects such as thrombosis and tissue damage. Thus, even though the therapeutic use of sparingly selective inhibitors is possible, the use of agents capable of selectively controlling the production of NO from iNOS is of greater therapeutic potential.
In the last decade, a large number of studies have appeared in the literature, documenting intense research in this direction (Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 1999, 9, 549-556; Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 2000, 10, 1143-1146); among these, NOS inhibitors of non-amino acid structure have been reported, which are for the majority based on bioisosteres of the guanidine group present in the structure of arginine, for instance S-alkylisothiourea, guanidine and amidine.
All these publications and studies reveal the therapeutic need for pharmacological agents based on modulation of the activity of iNOS characterized by a better pharmacological profile.
Prostaglandins (PGE) are inflammation mediators generated by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). The inducible isoform (COX-2) is overproduced (“upregulated”) in the inflamed tissues and this leads to an increased synthesis of PGE.
Interactions exist between NOS and COX systems, and the role of NO in inflammation may therefore depend not only on its direct effect but also on its modulatory effect on PGE biosynthesis.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine whose overexpression is associated with the physiopathology of various human diseases, for instance Crohn's disease [see Ho et al., J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 14, 56-61 (2002)] or rheumatoid arthritis [see Nakahara H. et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 48 (6), 1471-4 (2003)].
Since the enzymes iNOS and COX-2, just like the cytokine IL-6, the effect of which has been discussed above, are expressed in conjunction with inflammatory processes, demonstrating large effects in the establishment and development of the discussed pathologies, it would clearly be advantageous to be able to use a medicinal product capable of exhibiting inhibitory action on the iNOS-mediated production of NO and the formation of COX-2-mediated inflammatory prostaglandins, not to mention the expression of a cytokine, for instance IL-6.
The compounds of the present invention represented by Formula (I) are therefore effective in treating pathologies in which there is an appreciable effect of excessive production of NO from iNOS and similarly conventional NSAIDs in pathologies in which reduction of the inflammatory prostaglandins (e.g.: PGE2) is pharmacologically useful, for instance in the treatment of arthritis, including but not limited to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
The compounds of the invention may also be particularly useful, by means of their inhibitory activity on the production of IL-6, for the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies, for instance intestinal inflammations, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Finally, the compounds of the present invention may find use in the treatment of acute or chronic pain of articular or neuropathic origin, in conditions in which treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opiate analgesics is indicated.
The compounds of Formula (I) are represented by the following general formula:
in which:
- G1 and G2 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, and the amidine substituent of formula Q, provided that, for each compound of formula (I), only one of the two substituents G1 or G2 is the amidine substituent of formula Q.
The amidine substituent of formula Q is represented by the structure given below, in which R is C1-C4 alkyl or cycloalkyl.
Amidine substituent of formula Q:
In the compounds of Formula I:
- W is independently: a bond, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1— or ═CH—), an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—);
- Y is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1— or ═CH—), or an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—);
- X is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1— or ═CH—), a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atom (—NR2— or ═N—), a sulfur atom (—S—) or an oxygen atom (—O—); provided that: the substituents W, Y and X give rise, suitably in combination, to 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic derivatives containing up to 2 hetero atoms in the same ring, such as indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, isoquinoline or cinnoline derivatives.
The substituents R1 and R2 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkenyl and C1-C4 alkoxy.
The substituents R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl and C1-C4 alkenyl.
z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, or a linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl or alkenyl chain, or a C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group or a C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group in which the aryl group is a phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carboxamido, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, sulfonamido, trifluoromethoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy and C1-C6 alkyl, and the heteroaryl group is a 5- or 6-atom heteroaromatic ring containing one or more hetero atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, trifluoromethoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy and C1-C6 alkyl.
The C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with an aryl group. When the C1-C4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond. Substituents for the aryl group are independently selected from the groups defined above as substituents for the aryl group.
The C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. When the C1-C4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond.
The term “heteroaryl” means any of the heterocyclic nuclei defined above.
The compounds of formula (I) may thus be used either in free base form or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The present invention thus includes all the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I). Pharmacologically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to: hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, methanesulfonate, maleate, citrate, fumarate and succinate.
Pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds of the invention may be prepared using conventional techniques. The formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-articular and transdermal), topical or rectal use or other forms suitable for obtaining the desired therapeutic effect, for example delayed-action solid formulations for oral use allowing a slow release of the active principle over time.
Substances commonly used in the pharmaceutical field, such as excipients, binders, disintegrants and substances capable of stimulating transdermal or mucosal absorption, may be used together with the active principle in the pharmaceutical formulations.
Table 1 below, which is non-limiting, illustrates a number of compounds of formula (I) that are the subject of the present invention.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the process required for preparing the compounds of formula (I) is described.
The compounds of the invention are prepared from a compound of formula (II) by reaction with a compound of formula (III).
in which W, Y, X, z, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), while G′1 and G′2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, and the amine group (—NH2), provided that, for each compound of formula (II), only one of the substituents G′1 or G′2 is an amine group (—NH2).
in which R is as defined for the amidino substituent of formula Q and L is a leaving group. The leaving group L is an alkoxy group (ethoxy or methoxy), or an alkylthio group (RS—; thiomethyl or thiomethylnaphthyl) or an arylthio group (Ar—S; thiophenyl).
Optionally, the following steps can complete the conversion of a compound of formula (II) into a compound of formula (I):
- removal of any protecting group present
- conversion of the product into the corresponding salt or solvate.
The reaction of a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) may be performed in a suitable solvent such as: alcohol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or tetrahydrofuran (THF), at temperatures of between 0° C. and 50° C., as described in the case of alkoxy-imidates (Cereda et al., J. Med. Chem., 1990, 33, 2108-2113) or in the case of thioimidates (Collins et al., J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41, 2858-2871; Miosokowski et al., Synthesis, 1999, 6, 927-929; J. Eustache et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 1995, 36, 2045-2046, or Shearer et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1997, 38, 179-182).
The compounds of formula (III) are commercially available or may be prepared as described in the given references.
The compounds of formula (II) are obtained from compounds of formula (IV):
in which W, Y, X, z, R3 and R4 are as defined above for the compounds of formula (I), N1 and N2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, nitro group (NO2), or protected amine group (e.g. carbamate or amide), or a suitable precursor of an amine group, for instance a carboxyl (COOH) or a derivative thereof (acyl chloride, ester or primary amide), provided that, for each compound of formula (IV), only one of the substituents N1 or N2 is a nitro group or a protected amine group, or a suitable precursor thereof as defined above. Suitable protecting groups for the amine group include: t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (z), trifluoroacetyl, acetyl and benzoyl.
When N1 or N2 is a nitro group, the compounds of formula (II) are obtained by reducing a compound of formula (IV). The reduction may be performed either using hydrogen and a catalyst (Pd/C or PtO2), according to the usual methods of organic chemistry (P. Rylander, Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis, Academic Press, 1979), or using chemical reducing agents, for instance stannous chloride (F. D. Bellamy et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1984, 25 (8), 839-842.), iron (C. A. Merlic, JOC, 1995, 33-65), nickel boride (Atsuko Nose, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1989, 37, 816-818), Raney nickel/propanol (Kuo E., Synthetic Communication, 1985, 15, 599-6023) or sodium borohydride and Pd/C (Petrini M., Synthesis, 1987, 713-714).
When N1 or N2 is a protected amine group, the compounds of formula (II) may be obtained from a compound of formula (IV) by removal of the protecting group, according to methods known in organic chemistry (T. W. Green and P. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 1991, J. Wiley & Sons).
When N1 or N2 is a carboxyl group (COOH), the conversion of a compound of formula (IV) into a compound of formula (II) may be performed via Schmidt or Curtius degradation (H. Wolff, Organic Reactions, 1946.3, 307; J. Saunders, Chem. Rev. 1948, 43, 203).
The compounds of formula (IV) are commercially available or may be prepared from compounds of formula (V):
in which:
a) W, Y, X, z, R3 and R4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I) and P1 and P2 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy and C1-C4 alkyl, provided that, for each compound of formula (V), at least one of the substituents P1 or P2 is a hydrogen atom. In this case, the compounds of formula (IV) may be obtained by aromatic nitration of a compound of formula (V) and, where applicable, by separation of the desired product from the corresponding regioisomers.
b) W, Y, X, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), z is a halogen or hydrogen, and P1 and P2 are independently selected from groups as defined in a) and also nitro, amine and protected amine, provided that, for each compound of formula (V), only one of the substituents P1 or P2 is a nitro group, an amine group or a protected amine group. In this case, a compound of formula (V) may be converted into a compound of formula (IV) in which z is aryl or heteroaryl via formation of an aromatic-aromatic bond according to standard methods of organic chemistry (from J. Hassan, Chem. Rev., 2002, 102, 1359-469); when, in the compounds of formula (IV), z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, the compounds of formula (V) are converted into compounds of formula (IV), using the coupling of an aryl-zinc with a suitable halide or the Stille reaction of the appropriate stannane with the corresponding halide.
When, in the compounds of formula (V), z is halogen, and, in the compounds of formula (IV), z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, the corresponding conversion may be performed by using the coupling of zinc derivatives with aromatic or heteroaromatic halides (Scheme 1).
According to this method, the compounds of formula (V), in which z is H or halogen, are reacted with n-butyllithium or t-butyllithium, the resulting organolithium derivative (Va) is reacted with zinc chloride to give the corresponding organozinc reagents (Vb), which are reacted with the aryl or heteroaryl halide, via homogeneous catalysis (palladium), to form the compounds of formula (IV).
The reaction conditions are equivalent to those reported (M. Amat et al., J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3158 and S. Hargreaves et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41, 1653). Alternatively, the intermediates (Vb, Scheme 1) may be obtained directly from the compounds of formula (V) by oxidative addition of zinc metal (Knochel et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 4413; Yamanaka et al., Tetrahedron, 1993. 49, 9713).
Alternatively, the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which z is halogen (Scheme 1) by reaction with an aryl or heteroaryl zinc derivative, using methods identical to those mentioned previously.
Alternatively (Scheme 2), when, in the compounds of formula (V), z is hydrogen or halogen, and, in the compounds of formula (IV), z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, the conversion of (V) into (IV) may be performed via cross-coupling catalysed by Pd stannanes with aryl or heteroaryl halides, according to the Stille method. The compounds of formula (V) in which z is halogen are converted into the corresponding aryl-stannanes (Vb) according to known methods (Pereyere M., Tin in Organic Synthesis, Butterworths, 1987), i.e. by reacting a compound of formula (V) in which z is halogen with hexamethylditin, using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) as catalyst, in refluxing THF (J. La Voie, J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 2802-2805) or by reaction with hexabutylditin using the same catalyst, in toluene as solvent (K. Masanori et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn, 1983, 56, 3855-3856). This method is particularly effective when, in the compounds of formula (V), P1 or P2 is a nitro group or in which other substituents do not support the presence of bases and/or nucleophiles such as alkyllithiums.
Alternatively (Scheme 2), the compounds of formula (IV) may be obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which z is halogen or hydrogen by reaction with an organolithium (n-butyllithium or t-butyllithium). In this case, the compounds of formula (V) give the corresponding derivatives (Va), which are reacted with trimethyltin chloride or tri-n-butyltin chloride to give the corresponding stannanes (Vb). These intermediates are reacted with suitable aromatic or heteroaromatic halides, under palladium catalysis, to give the compounds of formula (IV). The conversion of compounds of formula (V) into compounds of formula (Vb) may be performed using known procedures (P. Jutzi, J. Organometallic Chem., 1983, 246, 163-168). The coupling of the stannanes (Vb) with aromatic or heteroaromatic halides is performed according to standard procedures (P. Gros, Synthesis, 1999, 5, 754-756).
Alternatively, the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which z is halogen (Scheme 2), via palladium-catalysed coupling with an aryl or heteroaryl stannane, using the methods described above, the preferred route depending on the compatibility of the substituents present.
Alternatively (Scheme 3), the compounds of formula (IV) in which z is aryl and heteroaryl may be obtained from compounds of formula (V), in which z is hydrogen or halogen, via Suzuki coupling of boronic derivatives with the corresponding halides. This palladium-catalysed reaction for formation of the aryl-aryl bond using arylboronic or heteroarylboronic derivatives is a known process (J. Hassan, 2002, Chem Rev., 102, 1359-1469).
In this case, compounds of formula (V), in which z is hydrogen or halogen, are converted into the boronates (Vb) by reaction with an alkyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide to form the intermediates (Va), which are converted into the boronates (Vb) by reaction with trimethyl or triisopropyl borate according to standard procedures (A. Alvarez, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1653-1656, o J. G. Grieb, Synthetic Commun., 1995, 25, 214-2153).
The palladium-catalysed coupling of the intermediates (Vb), boronic acids or esters, with suitable aryl halides gives the compounds of formula (IV), according to known procedures (B. Maes et al., Tetrahedron, 2000, 56, 1777-1781).
Alternatively, the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from the compounds of formula (V) in which z is halogen (Scheme 3) via Suzuki coupling with an aryl or heteroaryl boronic derivative, using the same methods as mentioned above.
Alternatively (Scheme 4), the compounds of formula (IV) in which W, Y, X, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), z is a linear or branched C1-C6 chain, a C1-C4 alkylaryl group or a C1-C4 alkylheteroaryl group, P1 and P2 are as defined in point (b), and are obtained from the esters of formula (V) via Heck synthesis. In this case, the compounds of formula (V) in which z is a suitable halogen are converted into compounds of formula (IV) in which z is a linear or branched C1-C6 alkenyl chain, a C1-C4 alkenylaryl group or a C1-C4 alkenylheteroaryl group via palladium-catalysed arylation of a terminal olefin (Heck reaction). The resulting olefins may constitute per se compounds of formula (IV) or may be converted (reduction reaction of the olefin to a saturated hydrocarbon) into compounds of formula (IV) in which z is a linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl chain, a C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group or a C1-C4 alkylheteroaryl group. The Heck reaction is performed according to known procedures (R. F. Heck, Org. React., 1982, 27, 345-390). In the case where the compound of formula (IV) thus obtained, in which z is a linear or branched, unsaturated C1-C6 chain, needs to be converted into a compound of formula (IV) in which z is a saturated C1-C6 chain, via catalytic hydrogenation, common techniques are used (P. Rylander, Catalytic Hydrogenation in organic Synthesis, Academic Press, 1979).
c) Alternatively (Scheme 5), the compounds of formula (IV), in which: W, Y, X, z, R3 and R4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I), P1 and P2 are as defined in point (b), are prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (VI) with a compound of formula (VII). In the case where, for the compounds of formula (VI), P1 and P2 are as defined above, W is a bond or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom, as defined previously. Y is a thiol group (SH), a hydroxyl group (OH), an unsubstituted nitrogen atom, (—NH2) or a triphenyl-phosphonium group P+(Ph)3, X is a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atom (—NH2 or —NHR2), a thiol group (—SH) or a hydroxyl group (—OH).
For the compounds of formula (VII), z is as defined for the compounds of formula (I), J is an oxygen atom (O) or a nitrogen atom (N) and T is hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, amine or C1-C4 alkoxy.
Non-limiting examples of the synthetic route (c) are given in Scheme 6 below:
The compounds of formula (VI), like the compounds of formula (VII), are commercially available or may be prepared from commercially available compounds according to known procedures. In the case of Scheme 6a, the 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained from the acids of formula (VII) and from the appropriate aminothiophenols of formula (VI) by reaction with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (D. Boger, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 2296-2297; or D. W. Hein et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 427-429). Esters, imidates or amides of formula (VII) may be used as alternatives to the acids reported in Schemes 6a and 6c. Alternatively, the 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained from the aldehydes of formula (VII) (Scheme 6b) by reaction with suitable aminothiophenols, catalysed by pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PTS) or iron (III) chloride (Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 46, 623-630).
In the case of Scheme 6c, the 2-substituted benzoxazoles are obtained from the respective acids of formula (VII) or derivatives (acyl chlorides, esters, ortho esters, imidates or amides) and from the appropriate aminophenols of formula (VI) by reaction with PPA (J. P. Heeschen in Journal Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3552-3561).
The benzoxazoles, Scheme 6c, are also obtained by reaction of aminophenols with the acyl chlorides of formula (VII) in toluene, and the corresponding amides thus formed are cyclized into benzoxazoles, thermally or via acid catalysis (p-toluenesulfonic acid) (R. P. Perry et al., Journal Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 2883-2887), or by POCl3-mediated cyclization.
In the case of Scheme 6d, the 2-substituted benzimidazoles are obtained by PPA-mediated reaction of the respective acids of formula (VII) and the phenylenediamines of formula (VI) (C. M. Orlando et al., J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 3147-3148). Alternatively, the 2-substituted benzimidazoles are obtained from the aldehydes of formula (VII) by condensation of the corresponding bisulfite adduct with phenylenediamines (M. A. Weidner et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. Lett., 2001, 1545-1548).
Finally, the 2-substituted benzimidazoles, Scheme 6d, are obtained by reaction of the phenylenediamines of formula (VI) with the acyl chlorides corresponding to the acids of formula (VII), and the amides are then cyclized into the corresponding benzimidazoles as described above for the benzoxazoles. In the case of Scheme 6e, the appropriate 2-substituted quinazolines are obtained by acylation of the amines (VI) with the benzoic acids (VII), followed by POCl3-mediated cyclization (A. Downes, in J. Chem Soc., 1950, 3053-3055), and the synthesis is completed by oxidation with DDQ or chloranil; the procedure described by J. Van den Eynde, Synthesis, 1993, 867-869 may be used as an alternative.
In the case of Scheme 6f, the benzofuran derivatives of formula (IV) are prepared by reaction of the corresponding phosphoranes, obtained from the phosphonium salts of formula (VI) and from the acyl chlorides of formula (VII). In the case of Scheme 6g, the benzothiophene derivatives of formula (IV) are prepared by reaction of the corresponding phosphoranes obtained from phosphonium salts of formula (VI) and from the acyl chlorides of formula (VII)(A. Arnoldi, M. Carughi., Synthesis, 1988, 155-157).
d) Alternatively (Scheme 7), the compounds of formula (IV) in which: W, Y, X, z, R3 and R4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I), and P1 and P2 are as defined in point (b), are prepared by cyclization reaction of a compound of formula (XIII). The compounds of formula (XIII) are prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (XII) with the compounds of formula (XI). In the case where, for the compounds of formula (XI), P1 and P2, R3 and R4 are as defined above, X is a hydrogen atom, a nitrogen atom, a carboxylate group (COOH) or a derivative thereof, or an aldehyde group (CHO); T is a halogen or a sulfur atom. In the compounds of formula (XIII), w is a sulfur atom, a substituted carbon atom (—CR1═) or an unsubstituted carbon atom (—CH═) belonging to an olefinic or acetylenic system; Y is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom and z is defined as for the compounds of formula (I).
Representative examples of conversion of compounds of formula (XI) into compounds of formula (IV) are given in Scheme 8.
In Scheme 8a), the 2-iodobenzoic derivative, a compound of formula (XI), is converted into the acetylenic derivative of formula (XIII), via a Heck reaction (R. C. Larock et al., Journal Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 5936). The compound of formula (XIII) is then cyclized into the isocoumarin, which, by reaction with methanolic ammonia, is converted into the corresponding isoquinolinone; the isoquinolinone is converted into the compound of formula (IV) via known methods, for example by conversion to 1-chloroisoquinoline, followed by reductive dehalogenation.
As reported in Scheme 8b), the 2-bromoaniline of formula (XI) is reacted, under Heck conditions, with styrene or with a substituted styrene to give the compounds of formula (XIII) in which W and Y are both carbon atoms forming part of an olefinic bond. The cyclization of the compound of formula (XIII) into the compound of formula (IV) is performed via catalysis with Pd (J. LaVoie, Bio-organic & Medicinal Chem., 1996, 4, 621-630).
The following non-limiting examples describe the details of the synthesis of the amidine derivatives of formula (I):
Triethylamine (36.7 ml, 0.263 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (28.85 g, 0.263 mol) in acetonitrile (600 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes and 2-phenyl-6-aminobenzothiazole (29.8 g, 0.131 mol) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for 72 hours at room temperature, the solid is filtered off, suspended in ethyl acetate and basified with 1M NaOH (pH=10), and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with water, dried and evaporated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 14.5 g (42%); Elem. anal. C15H13N3S; theory: C, 67.39; H, 4.90; N, 15.72. found C, 66.78; H, 5.03; N, 15.60. IR (KBr): 3260, 3020, 1645, 1590 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.05 (m, 2H); 7.9 (d, 1H); 7.35-7.55 (m, 3H); 6.95 (m, 1H); 5.9-6.2 (broad s, 2H); 1.8 (m, 3H).
2-Phenyl-6-nitrobenzothiazole (73.5 g, 0.286 mol) is added to tin dichloride (200.74 g, 0.89 mol) in 37% HCl (300 ml). The mixture is heated at 100° C. for 40 minutes. The resulting mixture is cooled and aqueous ammonia (pH=10) is added dropwise. The product is extracted with chloroform and the extracts are concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether/hexane (2/1). Yield: 29.9 g (46%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.68; m.p.: 199.8-201.1° C.; IR (KBr): 3450, 3305, 3190, 1619 cm−1.
2-Phenylbenzothiazole (Aldrich, 63.89 g, 0.302 mol) is nitrated with 100% nitric acid (190 ml, 4.53 mol) at 5° C. The mixture is stirred at 5° C. for 70 minutes, quenched in ice-water and basified with 32% NaOH (pH=10). The product is filtered off and the solid obtained is suspended in water and filtered off. The product is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 73.6 g (95%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.76; m.p.: 178.9-181.3°; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 9.16 (d, 1H); 8.35 (dd, 1H); 8.23 (d, 1H); 8.15 (dd, 1H) 7.58; (m, 4H).
A 1M solution of maleic acid in acetone (10 ml) is added dropwise to N-(2-phenylbenzothiazol-6-yl)acetamidine (1 g, 0.00374 mol) (Example 1), in acetone (30 ml). The product is precipitated and filtered off. Yield: 1.09 g (77%); Elem. anal. C15H13N3S.C4H4O4; theory C, 59.51; H, 4.47; N, 10.96. found C, 59.30; H, 4.36; N, 10.62. IR (KBr): 3060, 1700, 1480, 1360 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 40%; Elem. anal. C19H17N3O4S; M.W.: 383.419; theory C, 59.70; H, 4.00; N, 13.92. found C, 59.29; H, 3.70; N, 13.63. IR (KBr): 3450, 3290, 3115, 1640 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 8.2 (d, 2H); 7.9 (m, 1H); 7.6 (d, 2H); 7.4 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.3 (broad s, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 77%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.16; m.p.: 165.9-168° C.; Elem. anal. C13H9ClN2S; theory C, 59.88; H, 3.48; N, 10.74. found C, 59.22; H, 3.34; N, 10.84. IR (KBr): 3460, 3355, 3195, 1620 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1b from 2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiazole, which is prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4c. Yield: 84%; Rf (3/7 chloroform/toluene): 0.50; m.p.: 227.2-232° C.; IR (KBr): 1515, 1340 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 9.16 (d, 1H); 8.35 (dd, 1H); 8.23 (d, 1H); 8.15 (dd, 1H); 7.58 (m, 4H).
Triethylamine (16.6 ml, 0.119 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (5.58 g, 0.051 mol) in acetonitrile (100 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, and 2-pentyl-6-aminobenzothiazole (hydrochloride) (8.9 g, 0.034 mol) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, filtered and evaporated. The residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and the product is extracted with 0.1M HCl. The aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water. The resulting organic phase is dried, filtered and evaporated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 5.0 g (56%); Elem. anal. C14H19N3S; M.W.: 261.39; theory C, 64.33; H, 7.32; N, 16.07. found C, 64.42; H, 7.48; N, 16.13. IR (KBr): 3318, 3085, 1655, 1615, 1586 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.7 (d, 1H); 7.3 (m, 1H); 6.8 (m, 1H); 6.1 (m 2H); 3 (t, 2H); 2-0.7 (m, 12H).
10% Pd/C (0.88 g) is added to 2-pentyl-6-nitrobenzothiazole (10.3 g, 0.041 mol) in methanol (250 ml). The mixture is hydrogenated, the catalyst is filtered off and the filtrate is evaporated. The residue is taken up in methanol, isopropyl ether/HCl is added and the hydrochloride is precipitated. Yield: 9.29 g (89%); Rf (95/5 methylene chloride/methanol): 0.75; IR (KBr): 3465, 3395, 2955, 1505, 1455, 1155, 810 cm−1.
2-Pentylbenzothiazole hydrochloride (20.5 g, 0.084 mol) is added, at 0° C., to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (44.6 ml 0.504 mol) and 100% nitric acid (10.6 ml, 0.215 mol) in methylene chloride (270 ml), and the mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours and at room temperature for one hour. Water (150 ml) is added dropwise and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with 0.5M NaHCO3 and with water. The resulting solution is dried, filtered and concentrated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from petroleum ether. Yield: 10.6 g (50%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.71; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.05 (d, 1H); 8.25 (dd, 1H); 8.15 (d, 1H); 3.13 (t, 2H); 1.28-1.36 (m, 4H); 0.85 (t, 3H).
PPA (140 g) is added to hexanoic acid (25.06 ml, 0.2 mol) and 2-mercaptoaniline (21.84 ml, 0.2 mol). The mixture is heated at 120° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting mixture is cooled and water (200 ml) is added dropwise, followed by addition of 32% NaOH (pH=10). The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The resulting solution is dried and evaporated, the residue is taken up in methanol, isopropyl ether/HCl is added and the hydrochloride is precipitated. Yield: 43.8 g (90%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.78; m.p.: 106.6-109.0° C.; IR (KBr): 30.75, 2925, 2210, 1884, 1440, 775 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: (63%); Elem. anal. C16H15N3 M.W.: 249.31; theory C, 77.08; H, 6.06; N, 16.85. found C, 76.97; H, 6.29; N, 16.85. IR (KBr): 3434, 3024, 1634, 1597 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.8-6.3 (m, 9H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: (83%); Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.30; m.p.: 220.2-220.5° C. Elem. anal. C14H12N2; theory C, 80.74; H, 5.81; N, 13.45. found C, 80.55; H, 5.76; N, 13.35. IR (KBr): 3416, 3036, 1622, 1585 cm−1.
This intermediate is prepared by nitration of 2-phenylindole (6 g, 31 mmol) with NaNO3 (2.8 g, 33 mmol) in 97% H2SO4 (200 mL) at 5° C. Yield: 6.9 g (93%); m.p.: 198.7-200° C. (lit. 201-203° C.; Wayland, E. N. et al. J.O.C. 1966, 65).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 68%; Elem. anal. C17H17N3; theory C, 77.54; H, 6.51; N, 15.96. found C, 76.77; H, 6.83; N, 15.65. IR (KBr): 3441, 3013, 1634, 1597 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.90-7.20 (m, 6H); 6.90 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H) 6.60 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.40 (s, 1H); 5.90 (bs, 2H, exch. D2O); 3.75 (s, 3H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 86%; Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.30; m.p.: 107.5-110.5° C. IR (KBr): 3388, 3020, 1622, 1472 cm−1.
Sodium hydride (1.1 g, 29.0 mmol) is added to 2-phenyl-5-nitro-1H-indole (Example 5b, 6.5 g, 26.0 mmol) in 100 mL of DMF. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. MeI (1.62 mL, 26.0 mmol) is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The resulting mixture is poured into H2O/ice and the product is filtered off and washed with H2O. The solid is recrystallized from hexane and filtered off. Yield: 6.5 g (99.7%); Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.60; IR (KBr): 3434, 2923, 1515, 1462 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.50 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.90 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.80-7.30 (m, 6H); 6.75 (s, 1H); 3.75 (s, 3H).
As an alternative to the method described in Example 5, this product may be prepared as reported below:
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 5. Yield: 60%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3; theory C, 77.08; H, 6.06; N, 16.85. found C, 77.17; H, 5.89; N, 16.68. IR (KBr): 3434, 3024, 1634, 1597 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.8-6.3 (m, 9H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
Bromobenzene (0.157 ml, 0.0014 mol) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (51.3 mg, 0.073 mmol) are added to 2-boronic acid 1-N-BOC-5-(N′,N′-bisBOC)aminoindole (0.69 g, 0.0014 mol) in THF (10 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 24 hours, 4N HCl (4 ml) are added and the resulting mixture is heated at 80° C. for 10 hours. The resulting mixture is basified with 4M NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phases are combined, washed with water, dried, filtered and concentrated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.30; m.p.: 220.2-220.5° C. Elem. anal. C14H12N2 theory C, 80.74; H, 5.81; N, 13.45. found C, 80.55; H, 5.76; N, 13.35. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.0 (s, 1H, exch. D2O); 7.8 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.6-7.20 (m, 4H); 7.05 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H); 6.8-6.3 (m, 3H); 4.5 (bs, 2H, exch. D2O).
Triisopropyl borate (0.8 ml, 0.0035 mol) is added to 1-N-BOC-5-(N′,N′-bis-BOC)aminoindole (1 g, 0.0023 mol) in THF (3 ml). The mixture is cooled to −5° C. and 2M lithium diisopropylamide (1.38 ml, 0.0028 mol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and 1M HCl is added (pH=3). The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase is washed with water. The resulting solution is dried and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 0.56 g (51%); 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.1 (s, 2H); 8.0 (d, 1H) 7.3 (d, 1H); 7.0 (dd, 1H); 6.6 (s, 1H); 1.6 (s, 9H); 1.3 (s, 18H).
DMAP (1.66 g, 0.013 mol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (32.6 g, 0.149 mol) are added to 5-aminoindole (9 g, 0.068 mol) in THF (300 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, and further DMAP (0.83 g, 0.007 mol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (14.8 g, 0.068 mol) are added. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 6 days. This mixture is evaporated, and the solid is recrystallized from dilute citric acid and filtered off. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether and filtered off. Yield: 2.04 g; m.p.: 189.6-192.7° C. IR (KBr): 3450, 3140, 1740, 1470, 1160, 1120, 780 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8 (d, 1H); 7.7 (d, 1H); 7.4 (d, 1H); 7.1 (dd, 1H); 6.7 (d, 1H); 1.6 (s, 9H); 1.3 (s, 18H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 48%; Elem. anal. C17H15N3; theory C, 78.13; H, 5.79; N, 16.08. found C, 77.27; H, 5.91; N, 15.70. IR (KBr): 3345, 3055, 1640, 1600, 1480 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2-8.05 (m, 4H); 7.85 (d, 1H); 7.55-7.7 (m, 2H); 7.4-7.5 (m, 1H); 7.35-7.3 (dd, 1H); 7.25 (bs, 1H); 4.5 (bs, 2H); 2.1 (bs, 3H).
Pd/C (10%; 0.60 g) is added to 2-phenyl-6-nitroquinoline (7 g, 0.028 mol) in THF (300 ml) and methanol (300 ml). The mixture is hydrogenated at room temperature and at 1 atm. The catalyst is filtered off, the filtrate is evaporated and the product is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 5.7 g (92%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.56; IR (KBr): 3455, 3320, 3205, 1625, 1495 cm−1.
2-Chloro-6-nitroquinoline (10.5 g, 50.4 mmol) (Byoung S. L. et al. Heterocycles. 1998, 48.12, 65), phenylboronic acid (7.4 g, 60.4 mmol), palladium dichloride bis(triphenylphosphine) (0.70 g, 1.01 mmol) and barium hydroxide (38.1 g, 0.121 mol) in 200 ml of anhydrous THF are stirred at 65° C. for 20 hours. The mixture is diluted with water, extracted with CH2Cl2 and evaporated, and the residue is chromatographed on silica gel (1/1 hexane/ethyl acetate). Yield: 7.8 g (62%); IR (KBr): 3475, 3357, 1592, 1479 cm−1.
Triethylamine (6.9 ml, 0.050 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (5.44 g, 0.050 mol) in acetonitrile (120 ml). The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature and 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzothiazole (1.8 g, 8.56 mmol) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The mixture is evaporated, the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with sodium hydroxide, and the product is extracted with 0.1M HCl. The acidic aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water, dried and concentrated. The product is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 2.0 g (23%); Elem. anal. C15H13N3S; theory C, 67.39; H, 4.90; N, 15.72. found C, 67.38; H, 5.17; N, 15.61. IR (KBr): 3378, 3053, 1650, 1593 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.01 (m, 2H); 7.88 (d, 1H); 7.53 (m, 3H); 7.39 (s, 1H); 6.90 (d, 1H); 1.91 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 85%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.30; IR (KBr) 3439, 3316, 3199, 1621 cm−1.
PPA (210 g) is added to benzoic acid (12.96 g, 0.104 mol) and sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (19.98 g, 0.104 mol) (V. L. Guarda, Heterocyclic Comm., 2000, 1.6, 49-54). The mixture is heated at 115-120° C. for 10 minutes, cooled, and water (200 ml) is added dropwise, followed by addition of 32 percent NaOH (pH=5). The product is filtered off and suspended in NaHCO3 ss, filtered off, washed with water and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 17.0 g (64%); IR (KBr): 1515, 1341 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.77 (d, 1H); 8.39 (d, 1H); 8.25 (dd, 1H); 8.11 (dd, 1H); 7.61 (m, 4H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 67%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3OS; theory C, 64.62; H, 5.08; N, 14.13. found C, 64.71; H, 5.04; N, 14.29. IR (KBr): 3439, 3067, 1641, 1586, cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.31 (d, 1H); 7.93 (d, 1H); 7.29 (m, 4H); 6.71 (m, 1H); 6.05 (m, 2H); 3.95 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 51%; Rf (85/25/1/2 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia/water): 0.84; Elem. anal. C14H12N2OS; theory C, 65.60; H, 4.72; N, 10.93. found C, 65.44; H, 4.61; N, 10.97. IR (KBr): 3418, 3302, 3197, 1606, 1428 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 59%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.54; C14H10N2O3S; M.W.: 286.30.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 43%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3S; theory C, 68.30; H, 5.37; N, 14.93. found C, 67.90; H, 5.75; N, 14.59. IR (KBr): 3320, 3085, 1625, 1105 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.8 (m, 1H); 7.3 (m, 6H); 6.8 (m, 1H); 6.0 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in Example 1a. Yield: 68%; Rf (95:5:0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.46; IR (KBr): 3410, 3305, 3205, 1595, 1463, 1425 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 69%; Rf (8:2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.58; IR (KBr): 1525, 1335, 695 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 32%; Elem. anal. C17H15N3S; theory C, 69.60; H, 5.15; N, 14.32. found C, 69.89; H, 5.28; N, 14.11. IR (KBr): 3320, 3080, 1625 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.0-7.1 (m, 9H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.1 (m, 2H) 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 69%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 1515, 1335, 740 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 68%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.50; IR (KBr): 3440, 3330, 1605, 1320 cm−1.
TEA (1.5 ml, 0.008 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (0.83 g, 0.008 mol) in acetonitrile (20 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, and 2-(5-aminosulfonyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole (1.0 g, 0.003 mol) is added. The mixture is stirred at 35° C. for 96 hours and filtered. The solid is recrystallized from 9/1 THF/methanol. Yield: 0.22 g (18%); Elem. anal. C16H17N4O3S2Cl; IR (KBr): 3034, 1678, 1143 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.81 (d, 1H); 8.20 (d, 1H); 7.91 (m, 2H); 7.45 (m, 6H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 2.40 (m, 3H).
Chlorosulfonic acid (16 ml, 0.24 mol) and 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole (13.5 g, 0.047 mol) are stirred together at 0° C. for 15 minutes, the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring is continued for one hour. The mixture is poured into ice-water and the product is filtered off and washed with water. The product is added portionwise to a mixture of 32% aqueous ammonia (80 ml) and water (150 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is stirred for 2 hours at 0° C., and is allowed to warm to room temperature, acidified with HCl and filtered. The product is added to a solution of tin dichloride (31.8 g, 0.151 mol) in conc. HCl (43 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is heated at 95° C. for 60 minutes. It is cooled and brought to pH=7.5 with NaOH. The resulting mixture is extracted with chloroform. The extracts are concentrated and the product obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether/methanol. Yield: 1.3 g; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.81 (d, 1H); 7.87 (dd, 1H); 7.64 (d, 1H); 7.35 (m, 4H); 6.65 (dd, 2H); 4.09 (s, 3H).
Prepared from 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 2.2 g (59%); Elem. anal. C14H12N4S; theory C, 62.66; H, 4.51; N, 20.88. found C, 61.92; H, 4.55; N, 20.65. IR (KBr): 3390, 3050, 1650, 1590 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.7 (d, 1H); 8.3-7.2 (m, 5H); 6.90 (m, 1H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.91 (m, 3H).
PPA (500 g) is added to picolinic acid (24.6 g, 0.2 mol) and sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (47 g, 0.2 mol). The mixture is heated at 120-130° C. for 6 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled and NaOH is added dropwise (pH=10). The product is filtered off and washed with water. The 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole is recrystallized from 9/1 isopropyl ether/methanol and is added to a solution of tin dichloride (61.6 g, 0.273 mol) in conc. HCl (50 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is heated at 95° C. for 120 minutes. It is cooled and NaOH is added dropwise (pH=10). The resulting mixture is extracted with chloroform and the combined organic phases are extracted with 0.5M HCl. The acidic aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water and evaporated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 3.6 g; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.45; IR (KBr): 3400, 3325, 3215, 1590, 1430, 1320, 780 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 59%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3OS; theory C, 64.62; H, 5.08; N, 14.13. found C, 64.46; H, 5.10; N, 13.99. IR (KBr): 3435, 3330, 3200, 1640, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.0 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 4H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Iron powder (45.9 g, 0.822 mol), water (70 ml) and 37% hydrochloric acid (1.6 ml, 0.019 mol) are added to 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole (10.95 g, 0.038 mol) in ethanol (300 ml). The mixture is heated at 80° C. for one hour. The resulting mixture is filtered and evaporated, and the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and basified with NaOH (pH=11). The organic phase is filtered and washed with water. The resulting solution is evaporated and the product obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: (61%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.60; Elem. anal. C14H12N2OS; theory C, 65.60; H, 4.72; N, 10.93. found C, 65.44; H, 4.87; N, 10.37. IR (KBr): 3440, 3320, 1600, 1465, 1245, 1170 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 45%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.45; IR (KBr): 1600, 1515, 1485, 1255 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 40%; Elem. anal. C17H17N3O2S; theory C, 62.36; H, 5.23; N, 12.83. found C, 62.19; H, 5.13; N, 12.71. IR (KBr): 3420, 3310, 1645, 1440, 1280 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2 (m, 1H); 7.8 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 4H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 4.0 (s, 3H); 3.9 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 44%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.67; Elem. anal. C15H15N2O2S; theory C, 62.70; H, 5.26; N, 9.75. found C, 62.87; H, 4.79; N, 9.16. IR (KBr): 3440, 3285, 3190, 1605, 1500, 1285, 1025 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 9b. Yield: 54%; Rf (6/4 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.77; IR (KBr) 3435, 2935, 1605, 1510, 1285, 816 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 19%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3OS; theory C, 64.62; H, 5.08; N, 14.13. found C, 64.49; H, 5.62; N, 12.80. IR (KBr): 3310, 3065, 1594, 1435, 1270 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.9 (m, 1H); 7.3 (m, 6H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 70%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.70; IR (KBr): 3430, 3315, 3205, 1600, 1270, 820 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 9b. Yield: 22%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.57; IR (KBr): 1673, 1515, 1340, 740 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 33%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3S; theory C, 68.30; H, 5.37; N, 14.93. found C, 68.10; H, 5.32; N, 1.74. IR (KBr): 3310, 3065, 1594, 1435, 1270 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.9 (m, 2H); 7.5 (m, 4H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 2.6 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 65%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.72; IR (KBr): 2860, 2610, 1530, 1450, 755 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 48%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.67; IR (KBr) 1678, 1515, 1340 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 36%; Elem. anal. C15H15Cl2FN4; theory C, 52.80; H, 4.43; N, 16.42. found C, 52.43; H, 4.71; N, 16.01. IR (KBr): 3042, 1677, 1616, 1441, 1233 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.40 (s, 1H); 9.45 (s, 1H); 8.36 (m, 3H); 7.29 (m, 6H); 2.25 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.33; IR (KBr): 2810, 1612, 1505, cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 10.42 (m, 5H); 8.38 (m, 2H); 7.62 (m, 7H).
Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 4-fluorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 76%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 3312, 1601, 1498, 1333 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 54%; C15H13ClN4; IR (KBr) 3425, 3300, 3145, 1637, 1475 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8-8.2 (m, 3H); 7.3-7.7 (m, 4H); 6.9-6.5 (m, 2H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 94%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.22; IR (KBr): 3330, 1635, 1470, 1090, 825 cm−1.
Prepared from 4-chlorobenzoic acid (17.83 g, 0.114 mol) and 2-amino-5-nitroaniline (18 g, 0.114 mol), in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 87%; Rf (6/4 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.61; m.p.: 302.5-305° C.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 39%; Elem. anal. C15H15ClN4; theory C, 62.83; H, 5.27; N, 19.54. found C, 61.59; H, 6.09; N, 19.02. IR (KBr): 3347, 3190, 1638, 1590, 1460 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.1-8.4 (m, 2H); 7.3-7.8 (m, 4H); 6.9 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.6 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 4.2 g (74%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.20; Elem. anal. C13H11N3; theory C, 74.62; H, 5.29; N, 20.08. found C, 73.95; H, 5.26; N, 19.92.
Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and benzoic acid in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 70%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.45; IR (KBr): 3290, 1500, 1330, 1290 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 61%; Elem. anal. C14H22Cl2N4; theory C, 53.01; H, 6.99; N, 17.66. found C, 53.20; H, 7.00; N, 17.63. IR (KBr): 3300, 2866, 1671, 1609 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.7 (bs, 1H); 9.8 (bs, 1H); 8.6 (bs, 1H); 7.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H); 7.7 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.4 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 3.14 (t, 2H); 2.41 (s, 3H); 1.90 (m, 2H); 1.57-1.05 (m, 4H); 0.87 (t, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 98%.
Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine in a manner similar to that of Example 4c. Yield: 78%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.70; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) 10.2 (bs, 1H); 8.4 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 8.1 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.53 Hz, 1H); 7.5 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H); 3.0 (t, 2H); 1.90 (m, 2H); 1.6-1.1 (m, 4H); 0.87 (t, 3H).
1N NaOH (pH=10) is added to N-[2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine hydrobromide (Example 24) (2.2 g, 0.007 mol) in water (30 ml). The precipitate is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. The solid is taken up in methanol and the dihydrochloride is precipitated from isopropyl ether/HCl. Yield: 1.7 g (79%); Elem. anal. C13H15Cl2N5; theory C, 50.01; H, 4.84; N, 22.43. found C, 50.05; H, 4.79; N, 22.17. IR (KBr): 3044, 1674, 1620 cm−1.
2-Naphthylmethyl thioacetamidate hydrobromide (3.3 g, 0.011 mol) is added, at room temperature and with stirring, to 2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-5-amino-1H-benzimidazole (2.2 g, 0.011 mol) in ethanol (30 ml). The mixture is stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and filtered, and the solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 3.0 g (85%); C13H13N5.HBr; m.p.: 197-199° C.; IR (KBr): 3053, 1675, 1629, 1601, 1508 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.6 (s, 1H); 11.1 (s, 1H); 9.3 (s, 1H); 8.4 (s, 1H); 7.5 (d, 1H); 7.4 (d, 1H); 7.0 (m, 2H); 6.2 (m, 2H); 2.4 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 38%; Rf (85/25/2/1 chloroform/methanol/water/aqueous ammonia): 0.67; IR (KBr): 3367, 1630 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.5 (m, 1H); 7.2 (d, 1H); 6.6-6.9 (m, 3H); 6.5 (dd, 2H); 6.1 (m, 1H).
Pyrrolyl-2-carboxaldehyde (10.6 g, 0.104 mol) is added to 2-amino-4-nitroaniline (14 g, 0.090 mol) in DMF (400 ml), and the mixture is heated at 110° C. for 60 hours, cooled and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from water and then from isopropyl ether. Yield: 15.5 g (71); IR (KBr): 3100, 1596, 1506, 1327 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2 (m, 1H); 8.0 (m, 1H); 7.5-7.7 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 3H); 6.2 (m, 2H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 27%; IR (KBr): 3447, 3050, 1717, 1610, 1277 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.61 (s, 1H); 9.54 (s, 1H); 8.53 (d, 2H); 8.12 (d, 2H); 7.78 (m, 3H); 7.25 (dd, 2H); 6.64 (m, 3H); 3.81 (s, 3H); 2.34 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 57%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.33; Elem. anal. C15H13N3O2; theory C, 67.40; H, 4.90; N, 15.72. found C, 66.24; H, 4.89; N, 14.54. IR (KBr): 3311, 1689, 1611, 1282, 1111 cm−1.
Sodium bisulfite (7.0 g, 0.036 mol) in water (70 ml) is added to 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (11.0 g, 0.071 mol) in ethanol (70 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, the solid is filtered off, the filtrate is coevaporated with toluene and a solution of 2-amino-5-nitroaniline (11.1 g, 0.071 mol) in DMF (250 ml) is added. This mixture is refluxed for 3 hours and concentrated, and the product is recrystallized from dilute HCl, filtered off and washed with water. The solid is suspended in methanol (300 ml) and HCl gas is bubbled through at 5-15° C. for 3 hours. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and is then refluxed for 3 hours. The solution is concentrated to 1/3 of its volume and cooled to +5° C., and the precipitate is filtered off and recrystallized from NaHCO3 and finally from 3/1 isopropyl ether/hexane. Yield: 15 g (71%); IR (KBr): 3570, 3472, 3112, 1707, 1301 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.7-8.5 (m, 7H); 5.9 (m, 1H); 3.88 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 67%; Elem. anal. C16H14N4O2; theory C, 65.30; H, 4.79; N, 19.04. found C, 63.31; H, 5.37; N, 17.19. IR (KBr): 3220, 1590, 1544, 1378 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 83%; Rf (4/4/2 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.70; IR (KBr): 3117, 1604, 1540, 1397 cm−1.
2M NaOH (75 ml) is added, at 0° C., to methyl 4-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoate (15 g, 0.050 mol) (Example 26) in methanol (250 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 hours and evaporated, and the residue is taken up in water and acidified with HCl (pH=6). The resulting mixture is stirred for 16 hours at 0° C., and the product is filtered off, washed with water and recrystallized from 9/1 methanol/isopropyl ether. Yield: 10 g (70%); IR (KBr): 3357, 1675, 1602, 1537, 1377, 1320 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.5-8.6 (m, 7H).
Isopropyl ether/HCl is added to 2-phenyl-6-(N-acetamidino)quinazoline (0.9 mg, 0.0.034 mol) in methanol (5 ml) at 0° C. The product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether/isopropyl alcohol. Yield: 0.8 g (20%); Elem. anal. C16H16Cl2N4; theory C, 57.32; H, 4.81; N, 16.71. found C, 56.38; H, 6.05; N, 15.29. IR (KBr): 3453, 3095, 1658, 1600, 1553, 1343 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.81 (s, 1H); 9.74 (s, 2H); 8.83 (m, 1H); 8.48 (m, 2H); 8.12 (m, 2H); 7.83 (d, 1H); 7.34 (m, 4H); 2.34 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 20%; m.p.: 162-164° C. Elem. anal. C15H13N3S; theory C, 73.26; H, 5.38; N, 21.36. found C, 72.65; H, 5.46; N, 21.09. IR (KBr): 3453, 3095, 1658, 1600, 1553, 1343 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.41 (s, 1H); 8.48 (m, 2H); 7.83 (d, 1H); 7.34 (m, 6H); 6.30 (m, 1H) 1.85 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Elem. anal. C14H11N3; theory C, 76.00; H, 5.01; N, 18.99. found C, 75.85; H, 5.12; N, 18.58. IR (KBr): 3455, 3315, 1622, 1494, 1385, 1242 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.21 (s, 1H); 8.45 (m, 1H); 7.50 (m, 5H); 6.85 (d, 1H); 5.88 (s, 2H).
2-Phenyl-6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinazoline (27 g, 0.106 mol) and chloranil (32.4 g, 0.13 mol) in toluene (450 ml) are refluxed for 60 minutes. The mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate is filtered off and washed with toluene (350 ml). The filtrate is suspended in 0.5N NaOH (400 ml) and the aqueous phase is extracted with dichloromethane (100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with water and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from hexane. Yield: 8.8 g (34%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.71; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.91 (s, 1H); 9.18 (d, 1H); 8.61 (m, 3H); 8.24 (d, 1H); 7.55 (m, 3H).
N-Benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrobenzylamine (33 g, 0.12 mol) and phosphoryl chloride (150 ml) are refluxed for 3 hours. The mixture is concentrated and water is added, followed by addition of aqueous ammonia (pH>10). The product is filtered off and recrystallized from water, and then from 2/1 isopropyl ether/hexane. Yield: 27.6 g (89%); IR (KBr): 3387, 3198, 1599, 1512, 1341 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.95 (m, 4H); 7.30 (m, 4H); 7.01 (m, 1H); 4.71 (s, 2H).
Triethylamine (116 ml, 0.835 mol) and DMAP (2.0 g, 0.016 mol) are added to 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile (68 g, 0.33 mol) in dichloromethane (1 litre). The mixture is cooled to +5° C., and benzoyl chloride (38.8 ml, 0.33 mol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for 2 hours and then concentrated. The residue is taken up in 10/1 water/ethanol (550 ml) and the product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 88.5 g (97%); IR (KBr): 3375, 3213, 1638, 1547, 1319 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.15 (m, 1H); 7.85 (m, 4H); 7.51 (m, 4H); 6.68 (m, 3H); 4.30 (m, 2H).
Borane in THF (400 ml, 0.40 mol) is added dropwise to 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile (60 g, 0.35 mol) in THF (600 ml) at 0° C. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and is stirred for 16 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled to 0° C. and 200 ml of absolute ethanol/HCl are added. The THF is removed and the product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 68.8 g (96%); Rf (1:1 methanol/chloroform): 0.15; IR (KBr): 3416, 2980, 1669, 1601, 1474, 1285 cm−1.
2-naphthylmethyl thioacetamidate hydrobromide (13.03 g, 0.044 mol) is added to 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzofuran (9.31 g, 0.044 mol) in ethanol (200 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours and is then evaporated, NaOH (pH=10) is added and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is extracted with 0.5M HCl. The acidic aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water. The resulting solution is evaporated and the solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 7.45 g (68%); Elem. anal. C16H14N2O; theory C, 76.78; H, 5.64; N, 11.19. found C, 76.18; H, 5.56; N, 11.02. IR (KBr): 3445, 3045, 1640, 1605, 1450, 755 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.6-8.0 (m, 2H); 7.1-7.6 (m, 6H); 6.9-6.6 (m, 1H); 5.9 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Triethylamine (63.4 ml, 0.455 mol) is added to 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylphsophonium bromide (50 g, 0.101 mol) in refluxing toluene (600 ml), followed by addition of benzoyl chloride (16.2 ml, 0.140 mol) in toluene (50 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 3 hours, cooled and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting mixture is concentrated and the product is recrystallized from 2/1 isopropyl ether/hexane, and the 2-phenyl-5-nitrobenzofuran is filtered off. This product is hydrogenated in THF (300 ml) and methanol (150 ml), with Pd/C (10%; 3.2 g). The catalyst is filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated. The residue is taken up in isopropanol/MeOH/HCl, and the hydrochloride is precipitated. It is suspended in 1M NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 9.8 g (32%); Elem. anal. C14H11NO; theory C, 80.36; H, 5.30; N, 6.70. found C, 79.78; H, 5.16; N, 6.87. IR (KBr): 3400, 3325, 1595, 1465 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 29%; Elem. anal. C15H13N3O; theory C, 71.70; H, 5.21; N, 16.72. found C, 71.48; H, 4.64; N, 16.71. IR (KBr): 3360, 3140, 1655, 1180, 700 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8-8.2 (m, 2H); 7.4-7.8 (m, 5H); 6.9 (dd, 1H); 5.9-6.3 (broad s, 2H); 1.8 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4b. Yield: 83%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.52; m.p.: 155.3-156.7° C. Elem. anal. C13H10N2O; theory C, 74.27; H, 4.79; N, 13.32. found C, 73.48; H, 4.85; N, 13.12. IR (KBr): 3435, 3320, 1545, 1480, 1180, 695 cm−1.
Prepared from 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and benzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 85%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.92; Elem. anal. C13H8N2O3; theory C, 65.00; H, 3.35; N, 11.66. found C, 64.54; H, 3.35; N, 11.85. IR (KBr): 1615, 1530, 1345 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 29%; Rf (5/2/2 butanol/acetic acid/water): 0.58; Elem. anal. C15H12ClN3O; theory C, 62.77; H, 4.25; N, 14.77. found C, 63.05; H, 4.23; N, 14.70. m.p.: 183.6-185.1° C. IR (KBr): 3455, 3295, 3145, 1645, 1400, 835 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.1 (m, 2H); 7.6 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 1.9 (broad s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 44%; IR (KBr): 3430, 3340, 1625, 1595, 1475, 830 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 28%; Rf (7/3 toluene/chloroform): 0.58; IR (KBr): 3095, 1605, 1525, 1335, 820 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 56%; Elem. anal. C16H12F3N3O; theory C, 60.19; H, 3.79; N, 13.16. found C, 60.44; H, 4.22; N, 13.05. m.p.: 157.9-159.2° C. IR (KBr): 3330, 3105, 1660, 1615, 1280, 1175 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.4 (m, 2H); 7.8 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 2H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 80%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.59; IR (KBr): 3435, 3335, 1620, 1340, 1120 cm−1.
3-Trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride (9.03 g, 0.043 mol) and 2-hydroxy-5-nitroaniline (6.58 g, 0.041 mol) in toluene (200 ml) are refluxed for 48 hours. POCl3 (20 ml) is added, the mixture is refluxed for a further 2 hours and concentrated, and the solid is recrystallized from NaOH (pH=10). The product is filtered off and recrystallized from water and finally from isopropyl ether. Yield: 10.3 g (78%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.58; IR (KBr): 3085, 1620, 1531, 1425, 1340 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 56%; C16H12F3N3O; IR (KBr): 3455, 3100, 1645, 1610, 1465, 1325, 1115 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 71%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.50; IR (KBr): 3440, 3355, 1620, 1330, 1105 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 57%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.66; IR (KBr): 3105, 1610, 1530, 1345, 1115 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 65%; C15H12FN3O; IR (KBr): 3340, 3110, 1655, 1605, 1460, 1395 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.4 (m, 2H); 7.8 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 2H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 76%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.61; IR (KBr): 3430, 3325, 1585, 1480, 1445 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 33%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.48; IR (KBr): 3095, 1615, 1525, 1485, 1340 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 75%; Elem. anal. C15H11Cl2N3O; theory C, 56.27; H, 3.46; N, 13.12. found C, 56.01; H, 3.58; N, 13.22. IR (KBr): 3449, 3084, 1644, 1460 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.3 (d, 2H); 8.1 (dd, 1H); 7.5-7.9 (m, 4H); 7.1 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 55%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.37; Elem. anal. C13H8Cl2N2O; theory C, 55.94; H, 2.89; N, 10.04. found C, 55.55; H, 3.08; N, 9.82. IR (KBr): 3400, 3324, 3211, 1626, 1457 cm−1.
3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride (4.6 g, 0.022 mol) is added to 2-amino-4-nitrophenol (3.4 g, 0.022 mol) in toluene (250 ml) and the mixture is refluxed for 24 hours. para-Toluenesulfonic acid (1.0 g) is added, the mixture is refluxed for 24 hours and cooled, and the product is filtered off. It is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 6.8 g; IR (KBr): 3100, 1531, 1350 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 37%; Elem. anal. C15H12Cl2N4; theory C, 56.44; H, 3.79; N, 17.55. found C, 55.84; H, 4.58; N, 16.59. IR (KBr): 3375, 3300, 3170, 1630, 1450, 1395 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.3 (d, 1H); 8.1 (dd, 1H); 7.7 (m, 1H); 7.4 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.7 (dd, 1H); 1.9 (broad s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 44%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.16; IR (KBr): 1630, 1425, 1130 cm−1.
Prepared from 4-nitro-2-aminophenol and 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 28%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.53; IR (KBr): 3290, 1495, 1440, 1335 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 24. Yield: 51%; Elem. anal. C16H14BrF3N4; theory C, 48.14; H, 3.53; N, 14.03. found C, 48.04; H, 3.85; N, 13.82. IR (KBr): 3040, 1680, 1620, 1410, 1320 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.5 (m, 2H); 7.7 (m, 4H) 7.1 (m, 1H); 2.4 (broad s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 80%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.25.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 41%; Rf (8/2 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.47; IR (KBr): 3105, 1515, 1325, 1170, 1120 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 18%; Elem. anal. C16H16N4O; theory C, 68.55; H, 5.75; N, 19.99. found C, 67.79; H, 5.65; N, 19.60. IR (KBr): 3440, 3135, 1640, 1460, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2 (m, 1H); 7.2 (m, 5H) 6.6 (m, 1H); 3.9 (m, 3H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 93%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.45; IR (KBr): 2835, 2610, 1635, 1495, 1455 cm−1.
Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 2-methoxybenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 76%; Rf (6/4 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.43; IR (KBr): 3005, 1515, 1335, 750 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 24. Yield: 82%; Elem. Anal. C15H14FN4.HBr; theory C, 51.59; H, 4.04; N, 16.04. found C, 50.79; H, 4.30; N, 15.45. IR (KBr): 3237, 2885, 1684, 1611 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 100%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.25.
Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 2-fluorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 15%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.55; IR (KBr): 2996, 1625, 1520, 1479, 1340 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.5-8.0 (m, 3H); 7.2-7.9 (m, 4H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 38%; Elem. anal. C16H16N4; theory C, 72.70; H, 6.10; N, 21.20. found C, 71.00; H, 6.45; N, 20.35. IR (KBr): 3454, 3055, 1643, 1393 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.7 (m, 1H); 7.5 (m, 7H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.7 (dd, 1H); 2.6 (s, 3H); 1.9 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 100%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.31; IR (KBr): 2966, 1630, 1447 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.6 (m, 1H); 7.2 (m, 6H); 6.4-6.7 (m, 3H).
2-Methylbenzoyl chloride (4.1 g, 0.027 mol) is added to 2-amino-4-nitroaniline (4 g, 0.025 mol) in toluene (100 ml), and the mixture is refluxed for 24 hours. para-Toluenesulfonic acid (1.0 g) is added, the mixture is refluxed for 36 hours and concentrated, and the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate. The solution is washed with NaHCO3 and then with water. The resulting solution is dried and concentrated, and the solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 3.1 g (48%); Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.58; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 8.5 (d, 1H); 8.1 (dd, 1H); 7.7 (m, 2H); 7.4 (m, 3H); 2.6 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 28%; Elem. anal. C13H12N4S; theory C, 60.91; H, 4.72; N, 21.85. found C, 61.20; H, 5.41; N, 20.07. IR (KBr): 3455, 3165, 1655, 1570, 1485 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.5 (broad s, 1H); 7.8 (m, 1H); 7.2-6.6 (m, 4H); 6.3-5.8 (m, 3H), 1.8 (m, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 30%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.44; IR (KBr): 3455, 3360, 3125, 1570, 1460 cm−1.
Prepared from sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (15 g, 0.078 mol) and pyrrol-2-ylcarboxaldehyde (5.23 g, 0.055 mol) in a manner similar to that of Example 24b. Yield: 3.9 g (29%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 1595, 1510, 1480, 1335 cm−1.
Prepared from 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzothiazole (example 9a) and methyl cyclopropylcarboximidate (Patai, The Chemistry of Functional Groups; The Chemistry of Cyano group; pp. 264-266, zvi Rappoport, Wiley & Sons, 1970) in a manner similar to that described in Example 9. Yield: 57%; Elem. anal. C17H15N3O; theory C, 73.63; H, 5.45; N, 15.15. found C, 72.06; H, 5.29; N, 14.69. IR (KBr): 3401, 1646, 1604, 1469 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 41%; Elem. anal. C15H13N3O; theory C, 71.70; H, 5.21; N, 16.72. found C, 71.06; H, 4.91; N, 16.62. IR (KBr): 3360, 3105, 1655, 1606 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8-8.2 (m, 2H); 7.4-7.8 (m, 5H); 6.9 (dd, 1H); 5.9-6.3 (broad s, 2H); 1.8 (broad s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.64; m.p.: 212-214° C. IR (KBr): 3400, 3305, 3205, 1630 cm−1
PPA (160 g) is added to benzoic acid (14.26 g, 0.117 mol) and 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (20 g, 0.117 mol). The mixture is heated at 115-120° C. for 30 minutes and cooled, and water (200 ml) is added dropwise, followed by addition of 32% NaOH (pH=10). The product is filtered off, washed with water and filtered off. It is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 25 g (90%); Elem. anal. C13H8N2O3; theory C, 65.00; H, 3.35; N, 11.66. found C, 64.56; H, 3.22; N, 11.43. IR (KBr): 1551, 1515, 1340 cm−1.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 78%; Elem. anal. C17H20Cl2N4O; theory C, 55.59; H, 5.49; N, 15.25. found C, 54.36; H, 6.05; N, 14.86. IR (KBr): 3450, 3020, 1605, 1490, 1260 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 12.04 (broad s, 1H); 9.78 (broad s, 1H); 8.65 (broad s, 1H); 8.12 (d, 1H); 7.85 (s, 1H); 7.77 (dt, 1H); 7.71 (dd, 1H); 7.52 (dd, 1H); 7.39 (d, 1H); 7.27 (t, 1H); 3.90 (s, 3H); 3.86 (s, 3H); 2.43 (s, 3H).
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. The amines of the two isomers are separated by flash chromatography on a column of silica gel (ethyl acetate).
Yield: 2.21 g; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.33; Elem. anal. C15H15N3O; theory C, 71.12; H, 5.97; N, 16.59. found C, 69.71; H, 6.10; N, 15.29. IR (KBr): 3230, 3200, 2935, 1625, 1460, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.3 (m, 5H); 6.6 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.4 (s, 3H).
Yield: 4.0 g; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.25; Elem. anal. C15H15N3O; theory C, 71.12; H, 5.97; N, 16.59. found C, 69.69; H, 6.53; N, 15.03. IR (KBr): 3230, 3200, 2935, 1625, 1460, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.5 (m, 2H); 7.1 (m, 3H); 6.7 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H); 3.4 (s, 3H).
Sodium hydride (22 g, 0.055 mol) and methyl iodide (3.15 ml, 0.050 mol) are added to 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole (Example 37b, 12.38 g, 0.046 mol) in DMF (120 ml) at 0-5° C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Water (300 ml) is added and the solid is filtered off and recrystallized from water, and then from 9/1 isopropyl ether/acetonitrile, to give a mixture of the two isomers in a ratio of about 65:35 respectively. Yield: 9.3 g (72%); Rf (9/1 toluene-methanol): 0.41 (isomer-6) and 0.36 (isomer 5); Elem. anal. C15H13N3O3; theory C, 63.59; H, 4.62; N, 14.83. found C, 63.34; H, 4.50; N, 14.70.
Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28 from 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole, Example 43a.
Yield: 87%; Elem. anal. C17H18N4O; theory C, 69.37; H, 6.16; N, 19.03. found C, 67.95; H, 6.02; N, 18.38. IR (KBr): 3450, 3350, 1650, 1605, 1470, 1255 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.54 (dt, 1H); 7.49 (d, 1H); 7.45 (dd, 1H); 7.22 (d, 1H); 7.11 (t, 1H); 6.92 (broad s, 1H); 6.65 (d, 1H); 3.82 (s, 3H); 3.51 (s, 3H); 1.90 (s, 3H).
A number of physicochemical characteristics of compounds 1-44 are collated and given in Table 2.
Other representative examples of compounds of Formula (I) are listed below:
- N-[2-(3-methylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-Furan-2-ylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-Furan-3-ylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-Pentylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-benzylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-styrylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- 4-(5-acetimidoylamino-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzamide;
- N-[2-(pyrrol-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(furan-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(furan-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(thien-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(thien-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-benzylquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-phenylethylquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylquinol-7-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(3-phenylisoquinol-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-benzylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-styrylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylquinazolin-7-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(1-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(1-methyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-trifluoromethyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-benzylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-styrylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-benzylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-styrylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinoxalin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-benzylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-styrylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)cinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)cinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cinnolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
- N-(2-benzylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-styrylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
- N-(2-phenylethylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
Pharmacological Activity
a) The inhibitory activity on the formation of NO measured as NO2− (nitrite) and PGE2 was studied in vitro on culture media of rabbit articular chondrocytes stimulated with the cytokine IL-1β (1 ng/ml) for 48 hours. For the preparation of the chondrocytes, the method described by Berenbaum et al. [FEBS Letters 340, 51-55 (1994)] was followed. Briefly, fragments of cartilage removed aseptically from the articular heads of rabbit shoulder, hip and knee were finely ground and digested at 37° C. in hyaluronidase, trypsin and collagenase solutions, giving, after filtration through sterile gauze and centrifugation at 600×g and suitable dilution with 10% DMEM-FCS 10%, a concentration per well of about 1×105 cells. The cells were maintained under these conditions until confluent (about 15 days), the medium being replaced every 3 days. At this point, the test products dissolved in the medium were added to each sample and, after 20 minutes, 350 μl of IL-1β were added, to give a final concentration of 1 ng/ml. The stimulation lasted 48 hours at 37° C. (incubation in air/7% CO2). A nitrite assay was subsequently performed on the cell supernatant, as described by Green et al. [Anal. Biochem. 126, 131-138 (1982)], and of PGE2 by RIA assay. The results obtained are shown in Table 3, in which is given, for a number of the compounds that are the subject of the invention and that are already illustrated in Table 1, the IC50, i.e. the concentration (micromolar) of antagonist capable of inhibiting the formation of nitrites and PGE2 by 50% relative to the control group, i.e. relative to the cells stimulated with IL-1β but without addition of antagonists.
From the data given in Table 3, it may be deduced that some of the test compounds that are subjects of the invention show a powerful inhibitory effect, at the micromolar level, on the production of NO.
The most active compounds are the benzothiazole derivatives, compounds 1, 4 and 18, the indole derivative 5, the benzofuran derivative 28 and the benzoxazole derivative 34, all having an activity of between 3 and 8 micromolar.
Generally, a substitution with halogen on the phenyl group increases the activity: see for example compound 34 (3,4-dichloro derivative relative to the unsubstituted analogous compound, compound 29), thus there is often a corresponding increase in the cytotoxicity that precludes the objective evaluation of the activity of these compounds. It should also be noted that the NO-synthase inhibitor reference compound, L-NAME, shows activity that is about 10-fold less powerful than that of the best compounds that are the subject of the invention on this experimental model (IC50 71 micromolar).
Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention also inhibit the IL-1β-induced production of prostaglandins (PGE2) at sub-micromolar concentrations. Thus, the benzimidazole compounds 19, 20, 21 and 35, the benzoxazole compounds 30 and 34 and the benzofuran compound 28 inhibit the formation of PGE2 at concentrations (IC50) of between 0.3 and 0.8 micromolar.
The inhibitory activity on the production of PGE2 by many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention is probably at least partly due to their capacity to inhibit the production of NO.
In point of fact, it has been described that NO potentiates the cytokine-induced production of PGE2 in a variety of cell systems [see for example Watkins et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 121 (1997), 1482-1488].
This effect appears to be due to the amplification of the expression of COX-2 (Tetsuka et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996), 2051-2056). For the compounds that are the subject of the invention that show little activity as NO-production inhibitors while inhibiting the production of PGE2 at the sub-micromolar level, for instance the benzimidazole derivatives 19, 20, 21 and 35 or the benzothiazole derivatives 12, the inhibitory activity on PGE2 production is probably associated with a direct action on the inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme.
The selective antagonist of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), Celecoxib, chosen as comparative compound, was found to be about ten times more powerful in inhibiting the production of PGE2 than the most active compounds that are the subject of the invention, whereas it was entirely inactive as regards inhibiting the production of NO.
Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention also demonstrated inhibition of the expression (mRNA) of IL-6 in isolated human chondrosarcoma cells (SW 1353) stimulated with IL-1β. In practice, the RNA extracted from the cells was back-transcribed to c-DNA by means of a thermocycler (BioRad—“iCycler”) and subsequently amplified via the Real Time PCR technique using a probe and a primer specific for IL-6, from the company Applied Biosystem, and the thermocycler 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystem).
Using this technique, for example, compounds 5, 8, 9, 18, 27, 28 and 29 were found to inhibit the expression of IL-6 in SW 1353 cells stimulated for 6 hours with IL-Lβ with an IC50 of between 1.5 and 6 micromolar. The capacity of IL-6 to inhibit the expression of messenger RNA may be considered as large, since the increase in the expression of this cytokine is associated with the physiopathology of various human diseases, for instance Crohn's disease, as described previously.
Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, which showed the strongest activity in the in vitro tests described hereinabove, were evaluated “in vivo” in rats on experimental models of inflammation and hyperalgesia induced by zymosan. This is a phlogogenic agent, consisting of a protein-glycoside complex, extracted from the cell walls of raw yeast, which is capable of inducing rapid degranulation of neutrophils, an increase in the production of TNF-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and stimulation of NO generation by monocytes and macrophages (zymosaN:Merck Index XIII ed. No. 10250, p. 1818).
The experiments consisted of sub-plantar intradermal injection into the animal of 4 mg of zymosan suspended in 100 μl of sterile physiological solution, while the test compounds were administered orally 30 minutes before injection of the phlogogenic agent.
Measurement of the inflammation of the injected paw and of the consequent hyperalgesic effects was performed 2, 4 and 6 hours after the administration of zymosan. The oedema was evaluated as the increase in volume of the injected paw within the period 0-6 hours, relative to the initial value of the volume of the paw, i.e. before the injection of zymosan (basal value).
The measurements of the variation of the volume of the paw were recorded using a hydroplethysmometer (Mod. 7150, Basile, Italy), which consists of two plastic cuvettes containing a surfactant liquid, the larger one being used for immersion of the paw, connected to the smaller one which contains a transducer capable of recording small displacements of volume of the liquid used for the measurement. The paw is immersed in the cuvettes up to the tibiotarsal joint. The volume of liquid displaced by the paw indicates the magnitude of the inflammation.
For each test compound, at least three doses were used (generally 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) with at least five animals per group×dose, so as to be able to calculate an ED30, i.e. the dose in mg/kg capable of reducing by 30% the zymosan-induced volume increase, relative to the group of control animals, i.e. animals injected only with the phlogogenic agent and treated orally with distilled water.
The hyperalgesia induced by the intradermal administration of zymosan was evaluated on these animals and at the same times described previously for the evaluation of the oedema, using the Randall-Selitto method [Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 111, 409 (1957)].
In practice, an analgesimeter was used (Basile, Italy), which consists in applying to the inflamed paw a weight in the form of a rounded-tipped cone, on which the applied force is gradually increased. When the animal makes a noise following the pain stimulus, the operator blocks the punch and records the force, expressed in grams, which was applied to the paw (the cut-off value is 500 grams). The difference in the meal chanical pain threshold between the basal value (generally about 230-250 grams) and that recorded at the indicated times after injection of the phlogogenic agent, generally 130-140 g for the control animals 6 hours after injection of the phlogogenic agent, is defined as mechanical hyperalgesia. In this case also, an ED30 was calculated, i.e. the dose in mg/kg capable of increasing the pain threshold by 30% (meal chanical hyperalgesia) in the animals treated with the test compounds relative to the group of control animals.
The results thus obtained are given in Table 4, which presents the ED30 values for the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activity for a number of compounds that are the subject of the invention, compared with those obtained with Celecoxib and L-NAME.
As may be deduced from the data given above in Table 4, many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, for instance the benzothiazole derivatives, compounds 1 and 9, the indole derivative, compound 5, the quinoline derivative, compound 8, the quinazoline derivative, compound 27, and the benzofuran derivative, compound 28, show powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic action even when administered orally, indicating that they therefore have good bioavailability. On average, using the compounds illustrated, and considering overall both the anti-oedema-generating activity and the analgesic activity, an activity about 2 to 7 times higher than that of the selective COX-2 antagonist Celecoxib is obtained.
The NO-synthase antagonist L-NAME was inactive up to the maximum dose tested (50 mg/kg) since, besides having an intrinsic activity that is generally lower than that of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, it may probably also be poorly absorbed via the oral route.
In conclusion, by means of the combined action of inhibition of the production of NO and, indirectly, that of the prostaglandin PGE2, along with the action of inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention show in vivo an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect that is greater than both that of Celecoxib, i.e. a powerful and selective antagonist of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and than that of L-NAME, an NO-synthase antagonist.