Facilitating operation of one or more virtual networks转让专利
申请号 : US13843241
文献号 : US08755377B2
文献日 : 2014-06-17
发明人 : Harshad Bhaskar Nakil , Ankur Singla
申请人 : Juniper Networks, Inc.
摘要 :
权利要求 :
What is claimed is:
说明书 :
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/722,696, filed Nov. 5, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/721,979, filed Nov. 2, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/721,994, filed Nov. 2, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/718,633, filed Oct. 25, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/656,468, filed Jun. 6, 2012; U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/656,469, filed Jun. 6, 2012; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/656,471, filed Jun. 6, 2012; the entire content of each of which being incorporated herein by reference.
Techniques of this disclosure relate generally to computer networks, and more particularly to virtual networks.
In a typical cloud data center environment, there is a large collection of interconnected servers that provide computing and/or storage capacity to run various applications. For example, a data center may comprise a facility that hosts applications and services for subscribers, i.e., customers of data center. The data center may, for example, host all of the infrastructure equipment, such as networking and storage systems, redundant power supplies, and environmental controls. In a typical data center, clusters of storage systems and application servers are interconnected via high-speed switch fabric provided by one or more tiers of physical network switches and routers. More sophisticated data centers provide infrastructure spread throughout the world with subscriber support equipment located in various physical hosting facilities.
In general, techniques for facilitating the operation of one or more virtual networks using a distributed virtual network controller are described. The one or more virtual networks may include at least a server device that is connected to an Internet Protocol network through at least a switch device. The system may include a first controller node device configured to control operation of a first set of elements in the one or more virtual networks. The system may further include a second controller node device configured to control operation of a second set of elements in the one or more virtual networks. The first controller node device and the second controller node device may be peered using a peering protocol and may be peers according to the peering protocol. The system may include hardware (and software) associated with one or more of the first controller node device and the second controller node device.
In some examples, a system includes a first set of elements and a second set of elements that implement one or more virtual networks. The system also includes a first server device and a second server device each connected to a network by a switch fabric. The system also includes a first controller node device configured to control operation of the first set of elements in the one or more virtual networks, wherein the first set of elements includes the first server device. The system further includes a second controller node device configured to control operation of the second set of elements in the one or more virtual networks, wherein the second set of elements includes the second server device, wherein the first controller node device and the second controller node device are peers according to a peering protocol by which the first controller node device and the second controller node device exchange information relating to the operation of the first set of elements and the second set of elements.
In some examples, a method for facilitating operation of one or more virtual networks, the one or more virtual networks including a first server device and a second server device each connected to a network by a switch fabric, includes using a first controller node device to control operation of a first set of elements in the one or more virtual networks, wherein the first set of elements includes the first server device. The method also includes using a second controller node device to control operation of a second set of elements in the one or more virtual networks, wherein the second set of elements includes the second server device. The method further includes peering the first controller node device and the second controller node device using a peering protocol to exchange information, between the first controller node device and the second controller node device, relating to the operation of the first set of elements and the second set of elements.
In some examples, a virtual network controller node device includes one or more processors and a control plane virtual machine executed by the processors to communicate with a plurality of virtual network switches using an eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). The virtual network controller node device also includes a configuration virtual machine to store and manage a configuration database that includes configuration information for the virtual network switches. The virtual network controller node device also includes an analytics virtual machine to store and manage an analytics database that includes logging information for the virtual network switches, wherein the configuration virtual machine and analytics virtual machine communicate with the control plane virtual machine using an Interface for Metadata Access Points protocol, wherein the control plane virtual machine configures the virtual network switches by using XMPP to send route data and configuration information to the virtual network switches, and wherein the control plane virtual machine uses XMPP to receive logging information for the virtual network switches and routes the logging information to the analytics virtual machine for storage to the analytics database.
In some examples, a network system comprises a switch fabric comprising a plurality of switches and a distributed controller having a set of controller node devices in peer communication with each other in accordance with a peering protocol, wherein each of the controller node devices configures and manages an overlay network within the plurality of switches. The network system also comprises a plurality of servers interconnected by the switch fabric, wherein each of the servers comprises an operating environment executing one or more virtual machines in communication via the overlay networks, and wherein the servers comprises a set of virtual switches that extends the overlay network as virtual networks to the operating environment of the virtual machines.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
Like reference characters denote like elements throughout the figures and text.
In some examples, data center 10 may represent one of many geographically distributed network data centers. As illustrated in the example of
In this example, data center 5 includes set of storage systems and application servers 12A-12X (herein, “servers 12”) interconnected via high-speed switch fabric 14 provided by one or more tiers of physical network switches and routers. Switch fabric 14 is provided by a set of interconnected top-of-rack (TOR) switches 16A-16BN (“TOR switches” 16) coupled to a distribution layer of chassis switches 18. Although not shown, data center 10 may also include, for example, one or more non-edge switches, routers, hubs, gateways, security devices such as firewalls, intrusion detection, and/or intrusion prevention devices, servers, computer terminals, laptops, printers, databases, wireless mobile devices such as cellular phones or personal digital assistants, wireless access points, bridges, cable modems, application accelerators, or other network devices.
In this example, TOR switches 16 and chassis switches 18 provide servers 12 with redundant (multi-homed) connectivity to IP fabric 20 and service provider network 7. Chassis switches 18 aggregates traffic flows and provides high-speed connectivity between TOR switches 16. TOR switches 16A and 16B may be network devices that provide layer 2 (MAC address) and/or layer 3 (IP address) routing and/or switching functionality. TOR switches 16 and chassis switches 18 may each include one or more processors and a memory, and that are capable of executing one or more software processes. Chassis switches 18 are coupled to IP fabric 20, which performs layer 3 routing to route network traffic between data center 10 and customers 11 using service provider network 7.
Virtual network controller 22 (“VNC”) provides a logically centralized controller for facilitating operation of one or more virtual networks within data center 10 in accordance with one or more embodiments of this disclosure. In some examples, virtual network controller 22 may operate in response to configuration input received from network administrator 24.
Each virtual switch 30 may execute within a hypervisor, a host operating system or other component of each of servers 12. In some instances, any of virtual switches 30 may be present in a campus access switch or Wi-Fi access point (WAP). In the example of
In general, each VM 36 may be any type of software application and may be assigned a virtual address for use within a corresponding virtual network 34, where each of the virtual networks may be a different virtual subnet provided by virtual switch 30A. A VM 36 may be assigned its own virtual layer three (L3) IP address, for example, for sending and receiving communications but may be unaware of an IP address of the physical server 12A on which the virtual machine is executing. In this way, a “virtual address” is an address for an application that differs from the logical address for the underlying, physical computer system, i.e., server 12A in the example of
In one implementation, each of servers 12 includes a virtual network agent (“VN agent”) 35A-35X (“VN agents 35”) that controls the overlay of virtual networks 34 and that coordinates the routing of data packets within server 12. In general, each VN agent 35 communicates with virtual network controller 22, which generates commands to control routing of packets through data center 10. VN agents 35 may operate as a proxy for control plane messages between virtual machines 36 and virtual network controller 22. For example, a VM 36 may request to send a message using its virtual address via the VN agent 35A, and VN agent 35A may in turn send the message and request that a response to the message be received for the virtual address of the VM 36 that originated the first message. In some cases, a VM 36 may invoke a procedure or function call presented by an application programming interface of VN agent 35A, and the VN agent 35A may handle encapsulation of the message as well, including addressing.
In one example, network packets, e.g., layer three (L3) IP packets or layer two (L2) Ethernet packets generated or consumed by the instances of applications executed by virtual machines 36 within the virtual network domain may be encapsulated in another packet (e.g., another IP or Ethernet packet) that is transported by the physical network. The packet transported in a virtual network may be referred to herein as an “inner packet” while the physical network packet may be referred to herein as an “outer packet.” Encapsulation and/or de-capsulation of virtual network packets within physical network packets may be performed within virtual switches 30, e.g., within the hypervisor or the host operating system running on each of servers 12. As another example, encapsulation and de-capsulation functions may be performed at the edge of switch fabric 14 at a first-hop TOR switch 16 that is one hop removed from the application instance that originated the packet. This functionality is referred to herein as tunneling and may be used within data center to create one or more overlay networks. Other example tunneling protocols may be used, including IP over GRE, VxLAN, MPLS over GRE, etc.
As noted above, virtual network controller 22 provides a logically centralized controller for facilitating operation of one or more virtual networks within data center 10. Virtual network controller 22 may, for example, maintain a routing information base, e.g., on or more routing tables that store routing information for the physical network as well as the overlay network of data center 10. Similarly, switches 16, 18 and virtual switches 30 maintain routing information, such as one or more routing and/or forwarding tables. In one example implementation, virtual switch 30A of hypervisor 31 implements a network forwarding table (NFT) 32 for each virtual network 34. In general, each NFT 32 stores forwarding information for the corresponding virtual network 34 and identifies where data packets are to be forwarded and whether the packets are to be encapsulated in a tunneling protocol, such as with one or more outer IP addresses.
The routing information may, for example, map packet key information (e.g., destination IP information and other select information from packet headers) to one or more specific next hops within the networks provided by virtual switches 30 and switch fabric 14. In some case, the next hops may be chained next hop that specify a set of operations to be performed on each packet when forwarding the packet, such as may be used for flooding next hops and multicasting replication. In some cases, virtual network controller 22 maintains the routing information in the form of a radix tree having leaf nodes that represent destinations within the network. U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,437 provides details on an exemplary embodiment of a router that utilizes a radix tree for route resolution, the contents of U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,437 being incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As shown in
Moreover, virtual network controller 22 and virtual switches 30 may communicate using virtual subnet VN0 in accordance with default network forwarding table NFT0 during discovery and initialization of the overlay network, and during conditions where a failed link has temporarily halted communication via the overlay network. Once connectivity with the virtual network controller 22 is established, the virtual network controller 22 updates its local routing table to take into account new information about any failed links and directs virtual switches 30 to update their local network forwarding tables 32. For example, virtual network controller 22 may output commands to virtual network agents 35 to update one or more NFTs 32 to direct virtual switches 30 to change the tunneling encapsulation so as to re-route communications within the overlay network, for example to avoid a failed link.
When link failure is detected, a virtual network agent 35 local to the failed link (e.g., VN Agent 35A) may immediately change the encapsulation of network packet to redirect traffic within the overlay network and notifies virtual network controller 22 of the routing change. In turn, virtual network controller 22 updates its routing information any may issues messages to other virtual network agents 35 to update local routing information stored by the virtual network agents within network forwarding tables 32.
In this example, chassis switch 52 (“CH 52”), which may be any of chassis switches 18 of
Chassis switch 18A has a processor 54A in communication with an interface for communication with a network as shown, as well as a bus that connects a memory (not shown) to processor 54A. The memory may store a number of software modules. These modules include software that controls network routing, such as an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) module (not shown) containing instructions for operating the chassis switch 18A in compliance with the OSPF protocol. Chassis switch 18A maintains routing table (“RT table”) 56A containing routing information for packets, which describes a topology of a network. Routing table 56A may be, for example, a table of packet destination Internet protocol (IP) addresses and the corresponding next hop, e.g., expressed as a link to a network component.
TORs 58 each have a respective processor 54B, 54C, an interface in communication with chassis switch 18A, and a memory (not shown). Each memory contains software modules including an OSPF module and routing table 56B, 56C as described above.
TORs 58 and chassis switch 18A may exchange routing information specifying available routes, such as by using a link-state routing protocol such as OSPF or IS-IS. TORs 58 may be configured as owners of different routing subnets. For example, TOR 58A is configured as the owner of Subnet 1, which is the subnet 10.10.10.0/24 in the example of
Chassis switch 18A maintains a routing table (“RT table”) 56A, which includes routes expressed as subnets reachable by TORs 58, based on route advertisements received from TORs 58. In the example of
In typical operation, chassis switch 18A receives Internet Protocol (IP) packets through its network interface, reads the packets' destination IP address, looks up these addresses on routing table 56A to determine the corresponding destination component, and forwards the packets accordingly. For example, if the destination IP address of a received packet is 10.10.0.0, i.e., the address of the subnet of TOR 58A, the routing table of chassis switch 18A indicates that the packet is to be sent to TOR 58A via link 60A, and chassis switch 18A transmits the packet accordingly, ultimately for forwarding to a specific one of the servers 50.
Similarly, each of TORs 58 receives Internet Protocol (IP) packets through its network interface, reads the packets' destination IP address, looks up these addresses on its routing table 56 to determine the corresponding destination component, and forwards the packets according to the result of the lookup.
Virtual network controller (VNC) 22 of
Each of VNC nodes 80 may control a different, non-overlapping set of data center elements, such as servers, individual virtual switches executing within servers, individual interfaces associated with virtual switches, chassis switches, TOR switches, and/or communication links. VNC nodes 80 peer with one another using peering links 86 to exchange information for distributed databases, including distributed databases 82A-82K (collectively, “distributed databases 82”), and routing information (e.g., routes) for routing information bases 84A-84N (collectively, “RIBs 84”). Peering links 86 may represent peering links for a routing protocol, such as a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) implementation, or another peering protocol by which VNC nodes 80 may coordinate to share information according to a peering relationship.
VNC nodes 80 of VNC 22 include respective RIBs 84 each having, e.g., one or more routing tables that store routing information for the physical network and/or one or more overlay networks of the data center controlled by VNC 22. In some instances, one of RIBs 84, e.g., RIB 84A, may store the complete routing table for any of the virtual networks operating within the data center and controlled by the corresponding VNC node 80 (e.g., VNC node 80A).
In general, distributed databases 82 define the configuration or describe the operation of virtual networks by the data center controlled by distributed VNC 22. For instance, distributes databases 82 may include databases that describe a configuration of one or more virtual networks, the hardware/software configurations and capabilities of data center servers, performance or diagnostic information for one or more virtual networks and/or the underlying physical network, the topology of the underlying physical network including server/chassis switch/TOR switch interfaces and interconnecting links, and so on. Distributed databases 82 may each be implemented using, e.g., a distributed hash table (DHT) to provide a lookup service for key/value pairs of the distributed database stored by different VNC nodes 22. Distributed databases 82 may be implemented/stored using computer-readable media of or associated with VNC nodes 22.
As illustrated in the example of
VNC nodes 102 provide, to one another using the peering protocol, information related to respective elements of the virtual network managed, at least in part, by the VNC nodes 102. For example, VNC node 102A may manage a first set of one or more servers operating as virtual network switches for the virtual network. VNC node 102A may send information relating to the management or operation of the first set of servers to VNC node 102N by BGP 118A. Other elements managed by VNC nodes 102 may include network controllers and/or appliances, network infrastructure devices (e.g., L2 or L3 switches), communication links, firewalls, and VNC nodes 102, for example. Because VNC nodes 102 have a peer relationship, rather than a master-slave relationship, information may be sufficiently easily shared between the VNC nodes 102. In addition, hardware and/or software of VNC nodes 102 may be sufficiently easily replaced, providing satisfactory resource fungibility. Further, distributed VNC 100 may enable may enable horizontally scalable configuration and management, which may give a single system view of the one or more virtual networks.
Each of VNC nodes 102 may include substantially similar/analogous components for performing substantially similar/analogous functionality, said functionality being described hereinafter primarily with respect to VNC node 102A. VNC node 102A may include an analytics database 106A for storing diagnostic information related to a first set of elements managed by VNC node 102A. Analytics database 106A may include The distributed virtual network controller 152 may include a horizontally scalable network analytics database, which may represent a fully integrated analytics collector configured to troubleshoot, visualize, and analyze distributed VNC 100 and the one or more virtual networks. VNC node 102A may share at least some diagnostic information related to VNC node 102A and/or one or more of the first set of elements managed by VNC node 102A and stored in analytics database 106, as well as to receive at least some diagnostic information related to any of the elements managed by others of VNC nodes 102. Analytics database 106A may represent a distributed hash table (DHT), for instance, or any suitable data structure for storing diagnostic information for network elements in a distributed manner in cooperation with others of VNC nodes 102. Analytics databases 106A-106N (collectively, “analytics databases 106”) may represent, at least in part, one of distributed databases 82 of distributed virtual network controller 22 of
VNC node 102A may include a configuration database 110A for storing configuration information related to a first set of elements managed by VNC node 102A. Control plane components of VNC node 102A may store configuration information to configuration database 110A using interface 144A, which may represent an Interface for Metadata Access Points (IF-MAP) protocol implementation. VNC node 102A may share at least some configuration information related to one or more of the first set of elements managed by VNC node 102A and stored in configuration database 110A (including, e.g., VNC node 102A), as well as to receive at least some configuration information related to any of the elements managed by others of VNC nodes 102. Configuration database 110A may represent a distributed hash table (DHT), for instance, or any suitable data structure for storing configuration information for network elements in a distributed manner in cooperation with others of VNC nodes 102. Configuration databases 110A-110N (collectively, “configuration databases 110”) may represent, at least in part, one of distributed databases 82 of distributed virtual network controller 22 of
Virtual network controller 100 may perform any one or more of the illustrated virtual network controller operations represented by modules 130, which may include orchestration 132, user interface 134, VNC global load balancing 136, and one or more applications 138. VNC 100 executes orchestration module 132 to facilitate the operation of one or more virtual networks in response to a dynamic demand environment by, e.g., spawning/removing virtual machines in data center servers, adjusting computing capabilities, allocating network storage resources, and modifying a virtual topology connecting virtual switches of a virtual network. VNC global load balancing 136 executed by VNC 100 supports load balancing of analytics, configuration, communication tasks, e.g., among VNC nodes 102. Applications 138 may represent one or more network applications executed by VNC nodes 102 to, e.g., change topology of physical and/or virtual networks, add services, or affect packet forwarding. In some instances, a centralized network management system or other controller executes modules 130 and communicates using a northbound interface of VNC nodes 102 to perform orchestration, configure VNC nodes 102, perform VNC global load balancing, and execute or VNC nodes 102 with virtual network applications 138.
User interface 134 includes an interface usable to an administrator (or software agent) to control the operation of VNC nodes 102. For instance, user interface 134 may include methods by which an administrator may modify, e.g. configuration database 110A of VNC node 102A. Administration of the one or more virtual networks operated by VNC 100 may proceed by uniform user interface 134 that provides a single point of administration, which may reduce an administration cost of the one or more virtual networks.
VNC node 102A may include a control plane virtual machine (VM) 112A that executes control plane protocols to facilitate the distributed VNC techniques described herein. Control plane VM 112A may in some instances represent a native process. In the illustrated example, control VM 112A executes BGP 118A to provide information related to the first set of elements managed by VNC node 102A to, e.g., control plane virtual machine 112N of VNC node 102N. Control plane VM 112A may use an open standards based protocol (e.g., BGP based L3VPN) to distribute information about its virtual network(s) with other control plane instances and/or other third party networking equipment(s). Given the peering based model according to one or more aspects described herein, different control plane instances (e.g., different instances of control plane VMs 112A-112N) may execute different software versions. In one or more aspects, e.g., control plane VM 112A may include a type of software of a particular version, and the control plane VM 112N may include a different version of the same type of software. The peering configuration of the control node devices may enable use of different software versions for the control plane VMs 112A-112N. The execution of multiple control plane VMs by respective VNC nodes 102 may prevent the emergence of a single point of failure.
Control plane VM 112A communicates with virtual network switches, e.g., illustrated VM switch 174 executed by server 170, using a communication protocol operating over network 160. Virtual network switches facilitate overlay networks in the one or more virtual networks. In the illustrated example, control plane VM 112A uses Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) 116A to communicate with at least virtual network switch 174 by XMPP interface 150A. Virtual network route data, statistics collection, logs, and configuration information may in accordance with XMPP 116A be sent as XML documents for communication between control plane VM 112A and the virtual network switches. Control plane VM 112A may in turn route data to other XMPP servers (such as an analytics collector, e.g., analytics VM 104A) or may retrieve configuration information on behalf of one or more virtual network switches. Control plane VM 112A may further execute a communication interface 144A for communicating with configuration virtual machine (VM) 108A associated with configuration database 110A. Communication interface 144A may represent an IF-MAP interface. Server 170 may represent an example instance of any of servers 12 of
VNC node 102A may further include configuration VM 108A to store configuration information for the first set of element to and manage configuration database 110A. Configuration VM 108A, although described as a virtual machine, may in some aspects represent a native process executing on an operating system of VNC node 102A. Configuration VM 108A and control plane VM 112A may communicate using IF-MAP by communication interface 144A and using XMPP by communication interface 146A. In some aspects, configuration VM 108A may include a horizontally scalable multi-tenant IF-MAP server and a distributed hash table (DHT)-based IF-MAP database represented by configuration database 110A. In some aspects, configuration VM 108A may include a configuration translator, which may translate a user friendly higher-level virtual network configuration to a standards based protocol configuration (e.g., a BGP L3VPN configuration), which may be stored using configuration database 110A. Communication interface 140 may include an IF-MAP interface for communicating with other network elements. The use of the IF-MAP may make the storage and management of virtual network configurations very flexible and extensible given that the IF-MAP schema can be dynamically updated. Advantageously, aspects of virtual network controller 100 may be flexible for new applications 138.
VNC node 102A may further include an analytics virtual machine (VM) 104A to store diagnostic information (and/or visibility information) related to at least the first set of elements managed by VNC node 102A. Control plane VM and analytics VM 104 may communicate using an XMPP implementation by communication interface 146A. Analytics VM 104A, although described as a virtual machine, may in some aspects represent a native process executing on an operating system of VNC node 102A.
Analytics VM 104A may include analytics database 106A, which may represent an instance of a distributed database that stores visibility data for virtual networks, such as one of distributed database 82 of distributed virtual network controller 22 of
Virtual network switch 174 may implement the layer 3 forwarding and policy enforcement point for one or more end points and/or one or more hosts. The one or more end points or one and/or one or more hosts may be classified into a virtual network due to configuration from control plane VM 112A. Control plane VM 112A may also distribute virtual-to-physical mapping for each end point to all other end points as routes. These routes may give the next hop mapping virtual IP to physical IP and encapsulation technique used (e.g., one of IPinIP, NVGRE, VXLAN, etc.). Virtual network switch 174 may be agnostic to actual tunneling encapsulation used. Virtual network switch 174 may also trap interesting layer 2 (L2) packets, broadcast packets, and/or implement proxy for the packets, e.g. using one of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name Service (DNS), multicast DNS (mDNS), etc.
In some cases, different VNC nodes 102 may be provided by different suppliers. However, the peering configuration of VNC nodes 102 may enable use of different hardware and/or software provided by different suppliers for implementing the VNC nodes 102 of distributed VNC 100. A system operating according to the techniques described above may provide logical view of network topology to end-host irrespective of physical network topology, access type, and/or location. Distributed VNC 100 may provide programmatic ways for network operators and/or applications to change topology, to affect packet forwarding, and/or to add services, as well as horizontal scaling of network services, e.g. firewall, without changing the end-host view of the network.
As shown in the specific example of
Processors 201, in one example, are configured to implement functionality and/or process instructions for execution within computing device 200. For example, processors 201 may be capable of processing instructions stored in storage devices 208. Examples of processors 201 may include, any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or equivalent discrete or integrated logic circuitry.
One or more storage devices 208 may be configured to store information within computing device 200 during operation. Storage devices 208, in some examples, are described as a computer-readable storage medium. In some examples, storage devices 208 are a temporary memory, meaning that a primary purpose of storage devices 208 is not long-term storage. Storage devices 208, in some examples, are described as a volatile memory, meaning that storage devices 208 do not maintain stored contents when the computer is turned off. Examples of volatile memories include random access memories (RAM), dynamic random access memories (DRAM), static random access memories (SRAM), and other forms of volatile memories known in the art. In some examples, storage devices 208 are used to store program instructions for execution by processors 201. Storage devices 208, in one example, are used by software or applications running on computing device 200 (e.g., operating system 210, virtualization module 212 and the like) to temporarily store information during program execution.
Storage devices 208, in some examples, also include one or more computer-readable storage media. Storage devices 208 may be configured to store larger amounts of information than volatile memory. Storage devices 208 may further be configured for long-term storage of information. In some examples, storage devices 208 include non-volatile storage elements. Examples of such non-volatile storage elements include magnetic hard discs, tape cartridges or cassettes, optical discs, floppy discs, flash memories, or forms of electrically programmable memories (EPROM) or electrically erasable and programmable memories (EEPROM).
Computing device 200, in some examples, also includes one or more communication units 202. Computing device 200, in one example, utilizes communication units 202 to communicate with external devices. Communication units 202 may communicate, in some examples, by sending data packets over one or more networks, such as one or more wireless networks, via inbound and outbound links. Communication units 202 may include one or more network interface cards (IFCs), such as an Ethernet card, an optical transceiver, a radio frequency transceiver, or any other type of device that can send and receive information. Other examples of such network interfaces may include Bluetooth, 3G and Wi-Fi radio components.
Computing device 200, in one example, also includes one or more input devices 204. Input devices 204, in some examples, are configured to receive input from a user through tactile, audio, or video feedback. Examples of input devices 204 include a presence-sensitive display, a mouse, a keyboard, a voice responsive system, video camera, microphone or any other type of device for detecting a command from a user. In some examples, a presence-sensitive display includes a touch-sensitive screen.
One or more output devices 206 may also be included in computing device 200. Output devices 206, in some examples, are configured to provide output to a user using tactile, audio, or video stimuli. Output devices 206, in one example, include a presence-sensitive display, a sound card, a video graphics adapter card, or any other type of device for converting a signal into an appropriate form understandable to humans or machines. Additional examples of output devices 206 include a speaker, a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, a liquid crystal display (LCD), or any other type of device that can generate intelligible output to a user.
Computing device 200 may include operating system 212. Operating system 212, in some examples, controls the operation of components of computing device 200. For example, operating system 212, in one example, facilitates the communication of modules applications 214 with processors 201, communication units 202, input devices 204, output devices 206, and storage devices 210. Applications 214 may each include program instructions and/or data that are executable by computing device 200. As one example, application 214A may include instructions that cause computing device 200 to perform one or more of the operations and actions described in the present disclosure.
In accordance with techniques of the present disclosure, computing device 200 may further include virtual switch 216 and virtual network agent 218, which may be executed by executed on virtualization module 212 operating as a hypervisor or on a native operating system of computing device 200. Virtual switch 216 and virtual switch agent 218 may execute virtual switch 174 and virtual network switch agent 172 of
The techniques described herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Various features described as modules, units or components may be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices or other hardware devices. In some cases, various features of electronic circuitry may be implemented as one or more integrated circuit devices, such as an integrated circuit chip or chipset.
If implemented in hardware, this disclosure may be directed to an apparatus such a processor or an integrated circuit device, such as an integrated circuit chip or chipset. Alternatively or additionally, if implemented in software or firmware, the techniques may be realized at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed, cause a processor to perform one or more of the methods described above. For example, the computer-readable data storage medium may store such instructions for execution by a processor.
A computer-readable medium may form part of a computer program product, which may include packaging materials. A computer-readable medium may comprise a computer data storage medium such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, and the like. In some examples, an article of manufacture may comprise one or more computer-readable storage media.
In some examples, the computer-readable storage media may comprise non-transitory media. The term “non-transitory” may indicate that the storage medium is not embodied in a carrier wave or a propagated signal. In certain examples, a non-transitory storage medium may store data that can, over time, change (e.g., in RAM or cache).
The code or instructions may be software and/or firmware executed by processing circuitry including one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, functionality described in this disclosure may be provided within software modules or hardware modules.
Although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various signals, elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these signals, elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be used to distinguish one signal, element, component, region, layer, or section from another signal, region, layer or section. Thus, a first signal, element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below may be termed a second signal, element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention. The description of an element as “first” does not imply that second or other elements are needed. The terms first, second, third etc. may also be used herein to differentiate different categories of elements. For conciseness, the terms first, second, third, etc. may represent first-category, second-category, third-category, etc., respectively.
Various embodiments have been described. These and other embodiments are within the scope of the following examples.