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1. 发明授权

US08932514B1 Fracture toughness of glass 有权
标题翻译：玻璃的断裂韧性
公开(公告)号：US08932514B1
公开(公告)日：2015-01-13
申请号：US12962523
申请日：2010-12-07
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger , David Leamon
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger , David Leamon
IPC分类号： B28B3/02
CPC分类号： H05K1/0306 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/8926 , B01J37/00 , B22F2001/0092 , B28B3/025 , B28B23/0081 , B28B23/0087 , B32B5/30 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B32B2037/1253 , B32B2262/0253 , B32B2264/104 , B32B2264/107 , B32B2307/558 , B32B2571/02 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B33/027 , C23C4/134 , C23C18/14 , F41H1/02 , F41H5/0471 , F41H5/0492 , H01B1/02 , H01L21/6835 , H01L23/64 , H01L2924/0002 , H05K1/16 , Y02E60/122 , Y02P70/54 , Y10T428/12576 , Y10T428/24983 , Y10T428/25 , Y10T428/252 , Y10T428/26 , Y10T428/28 , Y10T428/2916 , H01L2924/00
摘要： A method of making glass is provided. The method comprises preparing a dispersion of a nano-material. A slurry of a glass matrix material is prepared. The nano-dispersion is mixed with the matrix slurry to form a nano-dispersion/slurry mixture. The nano-dispersion/slurry mixture is dried. The nano-dispersion/slurry mixture is pressed into a final manufacture comprising a molecular structure including the nano-material bonded within and uniformly distributed throughout the molecular structure. The manufacture comprises an increased fracture toughness compared with a conventional manufacture produced without bonding the nano-material within the molecular structure. The nano-material has a size on the order of tens of nanometers. The matrix material has a size on the order of several micrometers. Five percent of the nano-dispersion/slurry mixture comprises the nano-material dispersion. Sintering is performed on the final form using a sintering process following the pressing step. The sintering process includes a hot isostatic pressing process.
摘要翻译：提供制造玻璃的方法。该方法包括制备纳米材料的分散体。制备玻璃基质材料的浆料。将纳米分散体与基质浆料混合以形成纳米分散体/浆料混合物。将纳米分散体/浆料混合物干燥。将纳米分散体/浆料混合物压制成包括分子结构的最终制造，所述分子结构包括结合在整个分子结构内且均匀分布在整个分子结构内的纳米材料。与在分子结构内不接合纳米材料而制造的常规制造相比，该制造方法具有增加的断裂韧性。纳米材料的尺寸约为数十纳米。基质材料具有几微米量级的尺寸。 5％的纳米分散体/浆料混合物包含纳米材料分散体。使用压制步骤之后的烧结工艺在最终形式上进行烧结。烧结过程包括热等静压法。

2. 发明授权

US08507402B1 Method and system for forming plug and play metal catalysts 有权
标题翻译：形成即插即用金属催化剂的方法和系统
公开(公告)号：US08507402B1
公开(公告)日：2013-08-13
申请号：US12474081
申请日：2009-05-28
申请人： Maximilian A. Biberger , Stephen Edward Lehman, Jr. , Robert Matthew Kevwitch , Qinghua Yin , Jesudos J. Kingsley
发明人： Maximilian A. Biberger , Stephen Edward Lehman, Jr. , Robert Matthew Kevwitch , Qinghua Yin , Jesudos J. Kingsley
IPC分类号： B01J21/00 , B32B15/02 , B05D1/36 , B05D3/02 , B05D3/00
CPC分类号： B01J23/464 , B01J8/00 , B01J21/04 , B01J21/063 , B01J21/066 , B01J21/08 , B01J23/00 , B01J23/02 , B01J23/10 , B01J23/40 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J23/58 , B01J23/63 , B01J23/83 , B01J27/02 , B01J27/14 , B01J27/20 , B01J27/24 , B01J31/02 , B01J35/0006 , B01J35/0013 , B01J35/006 , B01J35/0066 , B01J35/023 , B01J37/0203 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/0215 , B01J37/0219 , B01J37/0236 , B01J37/04 , B01J37/08 , B01J37/349 , B82Y40/00 , C07C5/10 , C07C2521/04 , C07C2523/42 , C07C2601/14 , Y02P20/52 , Y10S977/892 , Y10T428/2982 , Y10T428/2991 , C07C13/18
摘要： A metal catalyst is formed by vaporizing a quantity of metal and a quantity of carrier forming a vapor cloud. The vapor cloud is quenched forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metal and a portion of carrier. The nanoparticles are impregnated onto supports. The supports are able to be used in existing heterogeneous catalysis systems. A system for forming metal catalysts comprises means for vaporizing a quantity of metals and a quantity of carrier, quenching the resulting vapor cloud and forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metals and a portion of carrier. The system further comprises means for impregnating supports with the nanoparticles.
摘要翻译：通过蒸发一定量的金属和形成蒸气云的载体而形成金属催化剂。蒸气云被淬灭形成沉淀纳米颗粒，其包含一部分金属和一部分载体。将纳米颗粒浸渍到载体上。该载体能够用于现有的非均相催化体系。用于形成金属催化剂的系统包括用于蒸发一定量的金属和一定量的载体的装置，淬灭所得到的蒸气云并形成包含一部分金属和一部分载体的沉淀纳米颗粒。该系统还包括用纳米颗粒浸渍载体的装置。

3. 发明申请

US20110143926A1 METHOD OF FORMING A CATALYST WITH INHIBITED MOBILITY OF NANO-ACTIVE MATERIAL 有权
标题翻译：形成具有纳米活性材料受阻移动性的催化剂的方法
公开(公告)号：US20110143926A1
公开(公告)日：2011-06-16
申请号：US12962508
申请日：2010-12-07
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger
IPC分类号： B01J37/00 , B01J37/34 , B01J37/04 , B01J31/02 , B01J31/04 , B01J37/32 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/42 , B01J37/08 , B82Y40/00 , B82Y30/00
CPC分类号： B01J23/8926 , B01J23/42 , B01J35/0013 , B01J37/00 , B01J37/009 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/32 , B01J37/349 , B28B23/0087 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C23C4/134 , Y02T10/22 , Y10S502/52714 , Y10S502/52724 , Y10S977/773 , Y10S977/81 , Y10S977/811 , Y10S977/84 , Y10S977/963
摘要： A method of forming a catalyst, comprising: providing a plurality of support particles and a plurality of mobility-inhibiting particles, wherein each support particle in the plurality of support particles is bonded with its own catalytic particle; and bonding the plurality of mobility-inhibiting particles to the plurality of support particles, wherein each support particle is separated from every other support particle in the plurality of support particles by at least one of the mobility-inhibiting particles, and wherein the mobility-inhibiting particles are configured to prevent the catalytic particles from moving from one support particle to another support particle.
摘要翻译：一种形成催化剂的方法，包括：提供多个载体颗粒和多个迁移率抑制颗粒，其中多个载体颗粒中的每个载体颗粒与其自身的催化颗粒结合; 并将多个迁移率抑制粒子结合到多个载体颗粒上，其中每个载体颗粒通过至少一个迁移率抑制颗粒与多个载体颗粒中的每个其它载体颗粒分离，并且其中迁移率抑制颗粒被构造成防止催化颗粒从一个载体颗粒移动到另一个载体颗粒。

4. 发明申请

US20110143915A1 PINNING AND AFFIXING NANO-ACTIVE MATERIAL 有权
标题翻译：密封和结合纳米活性材料
公开(公告)号：US20110143915A1
公开(公告)日：2011-06-16
申请号：US12962473
申请日：2010-12-07
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Eliseo Ruiz
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Eliseo Ruiz
IPC分类号： B01J37/34 , B01J35/02 , B01J23/42 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/72 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00
CPC分类号： B01J23/8926 , B01J23/42 , B01J35/0013 , B01J37/00 , B01J37/009 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/32 , B01J37/349 , B28B23/0087 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C23C4/134
摘要： A nanoparticle comprises a nano-active material and a nano-support. In some embodiments, the nano-active material is platinum and the nano-support is alumina. Pinning and affixing the nano-active material to the nano-support is achieved by using a high temperature condensation technology. In some embodiments, the high temperature condensation technology is plasma. Typically, a quantity of platinum and a quantity of alumina are loaded into a plasma gun. When the nano-active material bonds with the nano-support, an interface between the nano-active material and the nano-support forms. The interface is a platinum alumina metallic compound, which dramatically changes an ability for the nano-active material to move around on the surface of the nano-support, providing a better bond than that of a wet catalyst. Alternatively, a quantity of carbon is also loaded into the plasma gun. When the nano-active material bonds with the nano-support, the interface formed comprises a platinum copper intermetallic compound, which provides an even stronger bond.
摘要翻译：纳米颗粒包含纳米活性材料和纳米支持体。在一些实施方案中，纳米活性材料是铂，纳米载体是氧化铝。通过使用高温冷凝技术将纳米活性材料固定和固定到纳米支撑体上。在一些实施例中，高温冷凝技术是等离子体。通常，将一定量的铂和一定数量的氧化铝装入等离子枪。当纳米活性材料与纳米载体结合时，纳米活性材料与纳米支撑体之间形成界面。该界面是铂氧化铝金属化合物，其显着改变纳米活性材料在纳米载体表面上移动的能力，提供比湿催化剂更好的键。或者，一定量的碳也被加载到等离子体枪中。当纳米活性材料与纳米支持体结合时，形成的界面包括铂铜金属间化合物，其提供更强的键。

5. 发明授权

US09126191B2 Advanced catalysts for automotive applications 有权
标题翻译：先进的汽车应用催化剂
公开(公告)号：US09126191B2
公开(公告)日：2015-09-08
申请号：US12962490
申请日：2010-12-07
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger
IPC分类号： B01J21/00 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/00 , B01J23/02 , B01J23/08 , B01J23/40 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J23/56 , B01J20/00 , B01J23/89 , B01J35/00 , B01J37/00 , B01J37/32 , B01J37/34 , B28B23/00 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C23C4/12 , B01J37/02
CPC分类号： B01J23/8926 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J23/464 , B01J35/0013 , B01J35/04 , B01J37/00 , B01J37/009 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/32 , B01J37/349 , B28B23/0087 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C23C4/134 , Y02T10/22
摘要： Embodiments of present inventions are directed to an advanced catalyst. The advanced catalyst includes a honeycomb structure with an at least one nano-particle on the honeycomb structure. The advanced catalyst used in diesel engines is a two-way catalyst. The advanced catalyst used in gas engines is a three-way catalyst. In both the two-way catalyst and the three-way catalyst, the at least one nano-particle includes nano-active material and nano-support. The nano-support is typically alumina. In the two-way catalyst, the nano-active material is platinum. In the three-way catalyst, the nano-active material is platinum, palladium, rhodium, or an alloy. The alloy is of platinum, palladium, and rhodium.
摘要翻译：本发明的实施方案涉及先进的催化剂。先进的催化剂包括在蜂窝结构上具有至少一个纳米颗粒的蜂窝结构。用于柴油发动机的先进催化剂是双向催化剂。燃气发动机中使用的先进催化剂是三元催化剂。在双向催化剂和三元催化剂中，至少一种纳米颗粒包括纳米活性材料和纳米支撑体。纳米载体通常是氧化铝。在双向催化剂中，纳米活性材料是铂。在三元催化剂中，纳米活性材料是铂，钯，铑或合金。该合金是铂，钯和铑。

6. 发明授权

US08992820B1 Fracture toughness of ceramics 有权
标题翻译：陶瓷的断裂韧性
公开(公告)号：US08992820B1
公开(公告)日：2015-03-31
申请号：US12962533
申请日：2010-12-07
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger , David Leamon
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger , David Leamon
IPC分类号： B28B3/02
CPC分类号： H05K1/0306 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/8926 , B01J37/00 , B22F2001/0092 , B28B3/025 , B28B23/0081 , B28B23/0087 , B32B5/30 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B32B2037/1253 , B32B2262/0253 , B32B2264/104 , B32B2264/107 , B32B2307/558 , B32B2571/02 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B33/027 , C23C4/134 , C23C18/14 , F41H1/02 , F41H5/0471 , F41H5/0492 , H01B1/02 , H01L21/6835 , H01L23/64 , H01L2924/0002 , H05K1/16 , Y02E60/122 , Y02P70/54 , Y10T428/12576 , Y10T428/24983 , Y10T428/25 , Y10T428/252 , Y10T428/26 , Y10T428/28 , Y10T428/2916 , H01L2924/00
摘要： A method of making ceramics is provided. The method comprises preparing a dispersion of a nano-material. A slurry of a ceramic matrix material is prepared. The nano-dispersion is mixed with the matrix slurry to form a nano-dispersion/slurry mixture. The nano-dispersion/slurry mixture is dried. The nano-dispersion/slurry mixture is pressed into a final manufacture comprising a granular structure including the nano-material bonded within and uniformly distributed throughout the granular structure. The manufacture comprises an increased fracture toughness compared with a conventional manufacture produced without bonding the nano-material within the granular structure. The nano-material has a size on the order of tens of nanometers. The matrix material has a size on the order of several micrometers. Five percent of the nano-dispersion/slurry mixture comprises the nano-material dispersion. Sintering is performed on the final form using a sintering process following the pressing step. The sintering process includes a hot isostatic pressing process.
摘要翻译：提供了制造陶瓷的方法。该方法包括制备纳米材料的分散体。制备陶瓷基体材料的浆料。将纳米分散体与基质浆料混合以形成纳米分散体/浆料混合物。将纳米分散体/浆料混合物干燥。将纳米分散体/浆料混合物压制成包括颗粒结构的最终制造，所述颗粒结构包括结合在整个颗粒结构内并均匀分布在整个颗粒结构内的纳米材料。与不在颗粒结构内粘合纳米材料而制造的常规制造相比，该制造方法具有增加的断裂韧性。纳米材料的尺寸约为数十纳米。基质材料具有几微米量级的尺寸。 5％的纳米分散体/浆料混合物包含纳米材料分散体。使用压制步骤之后的烧结工艺在最终形式上进行烧结。烧结过程包括热等静压法。

7. 发明授权

US08507401B1 Method and system for forming plug and play metal catalysts 有权
公开(公告)号：US08507401B1
公开(公告)日：2013-08-13
申请号：US12001643
申请日：2007-12-11
申请人： Maximilian A. Biberger , Stephen Edward Lehman, Jr. , Robert Matthew Kevwitch , Qinghua Yin , Jesudos J. Kingsley
发明人： Maximilian A. Biberger , Stephen Edward Lehman, Jr. , Robert Matthew Kevwitch , Qinghua Yin , Jesudos J. Kingsley
IPC分类号： B01J21/00 , B32B15/02 , B05D1/36 , B05D3/02 , B05D3/00
CPC分类号： B01J23/464 , B01J8/00 , B01J21/04 , B01J21/063 , B01J21/066 , B01J21/08 , B01J23/00 , B01J23/02 , B01J23/10 , B01J23/40 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J23/58 , B01J23/63 , B01J23/83 , B01J27/02 , B01J27/14 , B01J27/20 , B01J27/24 , B01J31/02 , B01J35/0006 , B01J35/0013 , B01J35/006 , B01J35/0066 , B01J35/023 , B01J37/0203 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/0215 , B01J37/0219 , B01J37/0236 , B01J37/04 , B01J37/08 , B01J37/349 , B82Y40/00 , C07C5/10 , C07C2521/04 , C07C2523/42 , C07C2601/14 , Y02P20/52 , Y10S977/892 , Y10T428/2982 , Y10T428/2991 , C07C13/18
摘要： A metal catalyst is formed by vaporizing a quantity of metal and a quantity of carrier forming a vapor cloud. The vapor cloud is quenched forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metal and a portion of carrier. The nanoparticles are impregnated onto supports. The supports are able to be used in existing heterogeneous catalysis systems. A system for forming metal catalysts comprises means for vaporizing a quantity of metals and a quantity of carrier, quenching the resulting vapor cloud and forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metals and a portion of carrier. The system further comprises means for impregnating supports with the nanoparticles.

8. 发明授权

US08679433B2 Coated substrates for use in catalysis and catalytic converters and methods of coating substrates with washcoat compositions 有权
标题翻译：用于催化和催化转化器的涂布基材和用修补基面涂料组合物涂覆基材的方法
公开(公告)号：US08679433B2
公开(公告)日：2014-03-25
申请号：US13589024
申请日：2012-08-17
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger , Jayashir Sarkar
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger , Jayashir Sarkar
IPC分类号： B01D53/94 , B01J23/40 , F01N3/10 , F01N3/28
CPC分类号： B01D53/944 , B01D53/945 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/2092 , B01D2255/30 , B01D2255/50 , B01D2255/9022 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2255/9155 , B01D2255/9202 , B01D2258/012 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/44 , B01J23/63 , B01J29/04 , B01J29/06 , B01J29/068 , B01J35/0006 , B01J35/0013 , B01J35/0066 , B01J35/023 , B01J35/04 , B01J37/0018 , B01J37/0213 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246 , B01J37/16 , B01J37/349 , B01J2229/42
摘要： Disclosed are, inter alia, methods of forming coated substrates for use in catalytic converters, as well as washcoat compositions and methods suitable for using in preparation of the coated substrates, and the coated substrates formed thereby. The catalytic material is prepared by a plasma-based method, yielding catalytic material with a lower tendency to migrate on support at high temperatures, and thus less prone to catalyst aging after prolonged use. Also disclosed are catalytic converters using the coated substrates, which have favorable properties as compared to catalytic converters using catalysts deposited on substrates using solution chemistry. Also disclosed are exhaust treatment systems, and vehicles, such as diesel vehicles, particularly light-duty diesel vehicles, using catalytic converters and exhaust treatment systems using the coated substrates.
摘要翻译：公开了形成用于催化转化器的涂覆基材的方法以及适用于制备涂覆的基材的修补基面涂料组合物和方法以及由此形成的涂布的基材。催化材料通过等离子体法制备，产生在高温下在载体上迁移倾向较低的催化材料，因此在长时间使用后较不容易催化剂老化。还公开了使用涂覆的基材的催化转化器，与使用溶液化学沉积在基板上的催化剂相比，催化转化器具有优良的性能。还公开了排气处理系统和车辆，例如使用催化转化器的柴油车辆，特别是轻型柴油车辆，以及使用涂覆的基底的排气处理系统。

9. 发明申请

US20110144382A1 ADVANCED CATALYSTS FOR FINE CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS 审中-公开
标题翻译：精细化学和药物应用的先进催化剂
公开(公告)号：US20110144382A1
公开(公告)日：2011-06-16
申请号：US12969264
申请日：2010-12-15
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi
IPC分类号： B01J23/42 , B01J23/00 , B01J23/46 , B01J21/02 , B01J37/00 , C07C201/12 , C07C209/36 , C07C67/00 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00
CPC分类号： B01J23/8926 , B01J23/42 , B01J35/0013 , B01J37/00 , B01J37/009 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/32 , B01J37/349 , B28B23/0087 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00
摘要： A catalyst comprising a plurality of support nanoparticles and a plurality of catalytic nanoparticles. At least one catalytic nanoparticle is bonded to each support nanoparticle. The catalytic particles have a size and a concentration, wherein a first configuration of the size and the concentration of the catalytic nanoparticles enables a first catalysis result and a second configuration of the size and the concentration of the catalytic nanoparticles enables a second catalysis result, with the first and second configurations having a different size or concentration, and the first and second catalysis results being different. In some embodiments, the first catalysis result is a selective reduction of a first selected functional group without reducing one or more other functional groups, and the second catalysis result is a selective reduction of a second selected functional group without reducing one or more other functional groups.
摘要翻译：包含多个载体纳米颗粒和多个催化纳米颗粒的催化剂。至少一种催化纳米颗粒结合到每个载体纳米颗粒上。催化颗粒具有尺寸和浓度，其中催化纳米颗粒的尺寸和浓度的第一配置使得能够实现第一催化结果，并且催化纳米颗粒的尺寸和浓度的第二配置使得能够产生第二催化结果，第一和第二构型具有不同的尺寸或浓度，第一和第二催化结果不同。在一些实施方案中，第一催化结果是选择性还原第一选择的官能团而不减少一个或多个其它官能团，并且第二催化结果是选择性还原第二选择的官能团而不减少一个或多个其它官能团。

10. 发明申请

US20110143933A1 ADVANCED CATALYSTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS 有权
标题翻译：用于汽车应用的高级催化剂
公开(公告)号：US20110143933A1
公开(公告)日：2011-06-16
申请号：US12962490
申请日：2010-12-07
申请人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger
发明人： Qinghua Yin , Xiwang Qi , Maximilian A. Biberger
IPC分类号： B01J23/42 , B01J35/02 , B01J23/46 , B01J21/04 , B01J21/06 , B01J23/44 , B82Y30/00
CPC分类号： B01J23/8926 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J23/464 , B01J35/0013 , B01J35/04 , B01J37/00 , B01J37/009 , B01J37/0211 , B01J37/32 , B01J37/349 , B28B23/0087 , B32B7/12 , B32B37/14 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C23C4/134 , Y02T10/22
摘要： Embodiments of present inventions are directed to an advanced catalyst. The advanced catalyst includes a honeycomb structure with an at least one nano-particle on the honeycomb structure. The advanced catalyst used in diesel engines is a two-way catalyst. The advanced catalyst used in gas engines is a three-way catalyst. In both the two-way catalyst and the three-way catalyst, the at least one nano-particle includes nano-active material and nano-support. The nano-support is typically alumina. In the two-way catalyst, the nano-active material is platinum. In the three-way catalyst, the nano-active material is platinum, palladium, rhodium, or an alloy. The alloy is of platinum, palladium, and rhodium.
摘要翻译：本发明的实施方案涉及先进的催化剂。先进的催化剂包括在蜂窝结构上具有至少一个纳米颗粒的蜂窝结构。用于柴油发动机的先进催化剂是双向催化剂。燃气发动机中使用的先进催化剂是三元催化剂。在双向催化剂和三元催化剂中，至少一种纳米颗粒包括纳米活性材料和纳米支撑体。纳米载体通常是氧化铝。在双向催化剂中，纳米活性材料是铂。在三元催化剂中，纳米活性材料是铂，钯，铑或合金。该合金是铂，钯和铑。

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