The invention relates to an ultra-high-performance concrete reinforced hollow slab bridge structure. The ultra-high-performance concrete reinforced hollow slab bridge structure comprises hollow plate beams connected through hinge joints side by side as well as a bridge deck pavement layer above the hollow plate beams, wherein the bridge deck pavement layer comprises an ordinary concrete layer, an ultra-high-performance concrete reinforcement layer and an asphalt concrete layer; a steel reinforcement structure connected with the ordinary concrete layer is arranged in the ultra-high-performance concrete reinforcement layer. The invention further relates to a reinforcement method of the hollow slab bridge structure. The method comprises steps as follows: an original concrete layer is chiseled away; steel reinforcements are inlaid and implanted into the ordinary concrete layer, and a steel reinforcement net is paved; thin-layer ultra-high-performance concrete is poured and cured at the normal temperature, and an asphalt concrete layer is spread. Compared with the prior art, the hollow slab bridge structure and the reinforcement method have the characteristics of simple construction conditions and high construction speed, interference and influences of a conventional bridge reinforcement scheme on traffic are reduced, and better economy is realized; because of the high durability and normal-temperature curing characteristics of ultra-high-performance concrete, the service life of the hollow slab bridge structure is longer, and the curing cost is effectively reduced.