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1. 发明授权

US07063788B2 Apparatus for withdrawing permeate using an immersed vertical skein of hollow fibre membranes 失效
公开(公告)号：US07063788B2
公开(公告)日：2006-06-20
申请号：US10372858
申请日：2003-02-26
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Wayne Jerald Henshaw , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Wayne Jerald Henshaw , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D63/00
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/027 , B01D63/04 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/12 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2066 , C02F1/444 , C02F3/1273 , Y02W10/15 , Y10S264/48
摘要： An apparatus is described for withdrawing filtered permeate from a substrate contained in a reservoir at ambient pressure. The apparatus includes a plurality of membrane assemblies. Each assembly has a plurality of hollow fiber filtering membranes, immersed in the reservoir, at least one permeating header with the membranes sealingly secured therein, and a permeate collector to collect the permeate sealingly connected to the at least one permeating header and in fluid communication with lumens of the membranes. The membranes of each assembly extend generally vertically upwards from a first header during permeation. One or more sources of suction are provided in fluid communication with the lumens of the membranes of each assembly through the permeate collectors and apply sufficient suction to withdraw permeate from the lumens of the membranes. An aeration system for discharging bubbles assists in keeping the membranes clean. In other aspects, a method of removing fouling materials from the surface of a plurality of porous membranes includes providing, from within a membrane module, gas bubbles in a uniform distribution relative to the membranes. The bubbles move past the surfaces of the membranes to dislodge fouling materials from them. The membranes are arranged in close proximity to one another and mounted to prevent excessive movement.

2. 发明授权

US08852438B2 Membrane filtration module with adjustable header spacing 有权
标题翻译：膜过滤模块具有可调节的间距
公开(公告)号：US08852438B2
公开(公告)日：2014-10-07
申请号：US11368525
申请日：2006-03-07
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues
IPC分类号： B01D61/00 , B01D63/00 , B01D65/02 , C02F1/44 , B01D63/04 , B01D65/08 , B01D63/02
CPC分类号： B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/04 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/08 , B01D2313/04 , B01D2313/16 , B01D2313/26 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185
摘要： A membrane filtration device has a multiplicity of hollow fiber membranes, or fibers, unconfined in a shell of a module; a first header and a second header disposed in vertically spaced-apart relationship; said first header and said second header having opposed ends of each fiber sealingly secured therein, all open ends of said fibers open to a permeate-discharging face of at least one header; permeate collection means to collect said permeate, sealingly connected in open fluid communication with a permeate-discharging face of at least one of said headers; means to withdraw said permeate; said fibers, said headers and said permeate collection means together forming an integrated combination wherein said fibers are essentially vertically disposed and ends of individual fibers are potted in closely spaced-apart relationship in cured resin; with opposed faces at a fixed distance; each of said fibers having a length from 0.1% to less than 5% greater.
摘要翻译：膜过滤装置具有多个中空纤维膜或纤维，其不受限制在模块的壳体中; 以垂直间隔开的关系设置的第一头部和第二头部; 所述第一头部和所述第二头部具有密封地固定在其中的每个纤维的相对端部，所述纤维的所有开口端都向至少一个头部的渗透物排出面开口; 渗透物收集装置，用于收集所述渗透物，所述渗透物与至少一个所述集管的渗透物排放面以开放流体连通的方式密封连接; 意味着撤回所述渗透物; 所述纤维，所述集管和所述渗透物收集装置一起形成一体化组合，其中所述纤维基本上是垂直设置的，各个纤维的端部在固化树脂中以相互间隔的关系封闭; 相对的面在固定的距离; 每个所述纤维的长度为0.1％至小于5％。

3. 发明授权

US07537701B2 Membrane filtration module with adjustable header spacing 失效
标题翻译：膜过滤模块具有可调节的间距
公开(公告)号：US07537701B2
公开(公告)日：2009-05-26
申请号：US11957814
申请日：2007-12-17
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues
IPC分类号： B01D61/00 , B01D63/00
CPC分类号： C02F1/444 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/024 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D65/08 , B01D2313/06 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2058 , C02F1/74 , C02F3/1273 , Y02W10/15
摘要： A membrane filtration device has a multiplicity of hollow fiber membranes, or fibers, unconfined in a shell of a module; a first header and a second header disposed in vertically spaced-apart relationship; said first header and said second header having opposed ends of each fiber sealingly secured therein, all open ends of said fibers open to a permeate-discharging face of at least one header; permeate collection means to collect said permeate, sealingly connected in open fluid communication with a permeate-discharging face of at least one of said headers; means to withdraw said permeate; said fibers, said headers and said permeate collection means together forming an integrated combination wherein said fibers are essentially vertically disposed and ends of individual fibers are potted in closely spaced-apart relationship in cured resin; with opposed faces at a fixed distance; each of said fibers having a length from 0.1% to less than 5% greater.
摘要翻译：膜过滤装置具有多个中空纤维膜或纤维，其不受限制在模块的壳体中; 以垂直间隔开的关系设置的第一头部和第二头部; 所述第一头部和所述第二头部具有密封地固定在其中的每个纤维的相对端部，所述纤维的所有开口端都向至少一个头部的渗透物排出面开口; 渗透物收集装置，用于收集所述渗透物，所述渗透物与至少一个所述集管的渗透物排放面以开放流体连通的方式密封连接; 意味着撤回所述渗透物; 所述纤维，所述集管和所述渗透物收集装置一起形成一体化组合，其中所述纤维基本上是垂直设置的，各个纤维的端部在固化树脂中以相互间隔的关系封闭; 相对的面在固定的距离; 每个所述纤维的长度为0.1％至小于5％。

4. 发明申请

US20100326897A1 MEMBRANE FILTRATION MODULE WITH ADJUSTABLE HEADER SPACING 审中-公开
标题翻译：具有可调节头部间隔的膜过滤模块
公开(公告)号：US20100326897A1
公开(公告)日：2010-12-30
申请号：US12879429
申请日：2010-09-10
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Henry Behmann , Steven Kristian Pedersen , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues
IPC分类号： B01D63/04 , B01D61/18 , B01D65/08
CPC分类号： B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/04 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/08 , B01D2313/04 , B01D2313/16 , B01D2313/26 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185
摘要： A membrane filtration device has a multiplicity of hollow fiber membranes, or fibers, unconfined in a shell of a module; a first header and a second header disposed in vertically spaced-apart relationship; said first header and said second header having opposed ends of each fiber sealingly secured therein, all open ends of said fibers open to a permeate-discharging face of at least one header; permeate collection means to collect said permeate, sealingly connected in open fluid communication with a permeate-discharging face of at least one of said headers; means to withdraw said permeate; said fibers, said headers and said permeate collection means together forming an integrated combination wherein said fibers are essentially vertically disposed and ends of individual fibers are potted in closely spaced-apart relationship in cured resin; with opposed faces at a fixed distance; each of said fibers having a length from 0.1% to less than 5% greater.
摘要翻译：膜过滤装置具有多个中空纤维膜或纤维，其不受限制在模块的壳体中; 以垂直间隔开的关系设置的第一头部和第二头部; 所述第一头部和所述第二头部具有密封地固定在其中的每个纤维的相对端部，所述纤维的所有开口端都向至少一个头部的渗透物排出面开口; 渗透物收集装置，用于收集所述渗透物，所述渗透物与至少一个所述集管的渗透物排放面以开放流体连通的方式密封连接; 意味着撤回所述渗透物; 所述纤维，所述集管和所述渗透物收集装置一起形成一体化组合，其中所述纤维基本上是垂直设置的，各个纤维的端部在固化树脂中以相互间隔的关系封闭; 相对的面在固定的距离; 每个所述纤维的长度为0.1％至小于5％。

5. 发明授权

US5639373A Vertical skein of hollow fiber membranes and method of maintaining clean fiber surfaces while filtering a substrate to withdraw a permeate 失效
标题翻译：中空纤维膜的垂直绞线以及保持清洁纤维表面的方法，同时过滤基底以抽出渗透物
公开(公告)号：US5639373A
公开(公告)日：1997-06-17
申请号：US514119
申请日：1995-08-11
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/04 , B01D65/02 , B01D65/08 , C02F1/44
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D69/02 , B01D2313/26 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2066 , C02F1/444
摘要： A vertical skein of "fibers", opposed terminal portions of which are held in headers unconfined in a modular shell, is aerated with a gas-distribution means which produces a mass of bubbles serving the function of a scrub-brash for the outer surfaces of the fibers. The membrane device is surprisingly effective with relatively little cleansing gas, the specific flux through the membranes reaching an essentially constant relatively high value because the vertical deployment of fibers allows bubbles to rise upwards along the outer surfaces of the fibers. Further, bubbles flowing along the outer surfaces of the fibers make the fibers surprisingly resistant to being fouled by build-up of deposits of inanimate particles or microorganisms in the substrate provided that the length of each fiber is only slightly greater than the direct center-to-center distance between opposed faces of the headers, preferably in the range from at least 0.1% to about 5% greater. For use in a large reservoir, a bank of skeins is used with a gas distributor means and each skein has fibers preferably >0.5 meter long, which together provide a surface area >10 m.sup.2. The terminal end portions of fibers in each header are kept free from fiber-to-fiber contact with a novel method of potting fibers.
摘要翻译： “纤维”的垂直绞索，其相对的端部部分保持在不受限制在模块化壳体内的集管中，用气体分配装置充气，该气体分配装置产生用于外部表面的擦洗刷子功能的气泡质量纤维。膜装置对于相对较少的清洁气体而言令人惊奇地有效，通过膜的比流量达到基本上恒定的相对高的值，因为纤维的垂直展开允许气泡沿着纤维的外表面向上升起。此外，沿着纤维的外表面流动的气泡使得纤维令人惊奇地抵抗由于在基材中沉积无生命的颗粒或微生物的沉积而被污染，条件是每个纤维的长度仅略高于直接中心到 - 集管的相对面之间的中心距离，优选在至少0.1％至约5％的范围内。为了在大型水库中使用，一排绞线与气体分配器一起使用，并且每根绞纱具有优选> 0.5米长的纤维，这些纤维一起提供了10平方米的表面积。通过一种新型灌封纤维的方法，每个集管中的纤维的末端部分保持不受纤维与纤维的接触。

6. 发明授权

US08075776B2 Apparatus for withdrawing permeate using an immersed vertical skein of hollow fibre membranes 失效
标题翻译：使用中空纤维膜的浸渍垂直绞丝抽出渗透物的装置
公开(公告)号：US08075776B2
公开(公告)日：2011-12-13
申请号：US11049988
申请日：2005-02-04
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D61/00 , B01D65/02 , B01D63/00
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/027 , B01D63/04 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/12 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2066 , C02F1/444 , C02F3/1273 , Y02W10/15 , Y10S264/48
摘要： A filtration device is provided for withdrawing permeate essentially continuously from a multicomponent aqueous substrate containing growing microorganisms in a reservoir. A vertical skein of fiber is scrubbed with coarse bubbles which emanate from a conversion baffle positioned under the skein. The substrate is aerated with fine bubbles in a size range small enough to transfer oxygen to the substrate efficiently. The baffle traps the fine bubbles and converts them to coarse bubbles which are effective to scrub the fibers. In the most preferred embodiment, the finished headers of the skein are derived from composite headers comprising a fixing lamina of resin in which the fibers are potted near their terminal ends, and a fugitive lamina of fugitive powdery material in which the terminal ends of the fibers are potted. The fugitive lamina is removed, preferably by dissolving the powder, e.g. finely divided common salt in water.
摘要翻译：提供了一种过滤装置，用于基本上连续地从含有储存器中生长的微生物的多组分含水底物中抽出渗透物。纤维的垂直丝杠被粗糙的气泡洗涤，粗气泡从位于绞肉机下方的转换挡板发出。衬底充气，其尺寸范围小到足以有效地将氧气转移到衬底上的细小气泡。挡板捕获细小的气泡并将其转化成粗气泡，这对毛刷有效。在最优选的实施方案中，绞纱的成品集管来自包括树脂的固定层的复合集管，其中纤维在其末端附近被浇注，以及其中纤维末端的短暂的粉末状材料片是盆栽。优选通过将粉末溶解，例如，细分的普通盐在水中。

7. 发明授权

US07708888B2 Apparatus for withdrawing permeate using an immersed vertical skein of hollow fibre membranes 失效
标题翻译：使用中空纤维膜的浸渍垂直绞丝抽出渗透物的装置
公开(公告)号：US07708888B2
公开(公告)日：2010-05-04
申请号：US11523062
申请日：2006-09-19
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D61/00 , B01D63/00
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/027 , B01D63/04 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/12 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2066 , C02F1/444 , C02F3/1273 , Y02W10/15 , Y10S264/48
摘要： A filtration device is provided for withdrawing permeate essentially continuously from a multicomponent aqueous substrate containing growing microorganisms in a reservoir. A vertical skein of fiber is scrubbed with coarse bubbles which emanate from a conversion baffle positioned under the skein. The substrate is aerated with fine bubbles in a size range small enough to transfer oxygen to the substrate efficiently. The baffle traps the fine bubbles and converts them to coarse bubbles which are effective to scrub the fibers. In the most preferred embodiment, the finished headers of the skein are derived from composite headers comprising a fixing lamina of resin in which the fibers are potted near their terminal ends, and a fugitive lamina of fugitive powdery material in which the terminal ends of the fibers are potted. The fugitive lamina is removed, preferably by dissolving the powder, e.g. finely divided common salt in water.
摘要翻译：提供了一种过滤装置，用于基本上连续地从含有储存器中生长的微生物的多组分含水底物中抽出渗透物。纤维的垂直丝杠被粗糙的气泡洗涤，粗气泡从位于绞肉机下方的转换挡板发出。衬底充气，其尺寸范围小到足以有效地将氧气转移到衬底上的细小气泡。挡板捕获细小的气泡并将其转化成粗气泡，这对毛刷有效。在最优选的实施方案中，绞纱的成品集管来自包括树脂的固定层的复合集管，其中纤维在其末端附近被浇注，以及其中纤维末端的短暂的粉末状材料片是盆栽。优选通过将粉末溶解，例如，细分的普通盐在水中。

8. 发明授权

US07022231B2 Apparatus incorporating potted hollow fiber membranes 失效
标题翻译：装有盆栽中空纤维膜的装置
公开(公告)号：US07022231B2
公开(公告)日：2006-04-04
申请号：US10766846
申请日：2004-01-30
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D63/00
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185 , C02F1/444
摘要： Apparatus incorporating potted hollow fibre membranes has a solid mass of potting material having a first face, a plurality of hollow fibre membranes sealed in the potting material. Portions of the membranes adjacent open ends of the membranes protrude from the first face. The potting material extends to and adhesively secures to the inner periphery of a permeate collection means to form a permeate collection zone. The permeate collection means may have walls enclosing a plenum adapted to receive a gas. The apparatus may have an air tube passing through the potting material and having an end in communication with a plenum or manifold adapted to receive a gas.
摘要翻译：包含盆栽中空纤维膜的装置具有固体质量的灌封材料，其具有第一面，密封在灌封材料中的多个中空纤维膜。与膜的开口端相邻的膜的部分从第一面突出。灌封材料延伸并粘附到渗透物收集装置的内周，以形成渗透物收集区。渗透物收集装置可以具有围绕适于接收气体的增压室的壁。该设备可以具有通过灌封材料的空气管，并且具有与适于接收气体的气室或歧管连通的端部。

9. 再颁专利

USRE39294E1 Vertical skein of hollow fiber membranes and method of maintaining clean fiber surfaces while filtering a substrate to withdraw a permeate 有权
标题翻译：中空纤维膜的垂直绞线和过滤基材以抽出渗透物时保持清洁的纤维表面的方法
公开(公告)号：USRE39294E1
公开(公告)日：2006-09-19
申请号：US09975220
申请日：2001-10-11
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D65/02
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D69/02 , B01D2313/26 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2066 , C02F1/444
摘要： A vertical skein of “fibers”, opposed terminal portions of which are held in headers unconfined in a modular shell, is aerated with a gas-distribution means which produces a mass of bubbles serving the function of a scrub-brash for the outer surfaces of the fibers. The membrane device is surprisingly effective with relatively little cleansing gas, the specific flux through the membranes reaching an essentially constant relatively high value because the vertical deployment of fibers allows bubbles to rise upwards along the outer surfaces of the fibers. Further, bubbles flowing along the outer surfaces of the fibers make the fibers surprisingly resistant to being fouled by build-up of deposits of inanimate particles or microorganisms in the substrate provided that the length of each fiber is only slightly greater than the direct center-to-center distance between opposed faces of the headers, preferably in the range from at least 0.1% to about 5% greater. For use in a larger reservoir, a bank of skeins is used with a gas distributor means and each skein has fibers preferably >0.5 meter long, which together provide a surface area >10 m2. The terminal end portions of fibers in each header are kept free from fiber-to-fiber contact with a novel method of potting fibers.
摘要翻译： “纤维”的垂直绞索，其相对的端部部分保持在不受限制在模块化壳体内的集管中，用气体分配装置充气，该气体分配装置产生用于外部表面的擦洗刷子功能的气泡质量纤维。膜装置对于相对较少的清洁气体而言令人惊奇地有效，通过膜的比流量达到基本上恒定的相对高的值，因为纤维的垂直展开允许气泡沿着纤维的外表面向上升起。此外，沿着纤维的外表面流动的气泡使得纤维令人惊奇地抵抗由于在基材中沉积无生命的颗粒或微生物的沉积而被污染，条件是每个纤维的长度仅略高于直接中心到 - 集管的相对面之间的中心距离，优选在至少0.1％至约5％的范围内。为了在更大的储存器中使用，一排绞线与气体分配装置一起使用，并且每根绞线具有优选> 0.5米长的纤维，这些纤维共同提供表面积> 10m 2以上。通过一种新的灌封纤维的方法，每个集管中的纤维的末端部分保持不受纤维与纤维的接触。

10. 再颁专利

USRE37549E1 Vertical skein of hollow fiber membranes and method of maintaining clean fiber surfaces while filtering a substrate to withdraw a permeate 有权
标题翻译：中空纤维膜的垂直绞线和过滤基材以抽出渗透物时保持清洁的纤维表面的方法
公开(公告)号：USRE37549E1
公开(公告)日：2002-02-19
申请号：US09333669
申请日：1999-06-15
申请人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues , Steven Kristian Pedersen
发明人： Mailvaganam Mahendran , Carlos Fernando F. Rodrigues , Steven Kristian Pedersen
IPC分类号： B01D6502
CPC分类号： B01D65/08 , B01D61/18 , B01D61/20 , B01D63/02 , B01D63/021 , B01D63/022 , B01D63/023 , B01D63/026 , B01D63/043 , B01D65/02 , B01D69/02 , B01D2313/26 , B01D2315/06 , B01D2321/04 , B01D2321/185 , B01D2321/2066 , C02F1/444
摘要： A vertical skein of “fibers”, opposed terminal portions of which are held in headers unconfined in a modular shell, is aerated with a gas-distribution means which produces a mass of bubbles serving the function of a scrub-brash for the outer surfaces of the fibers. The membrane device is surprisingly effective with relatively little cleansing gas, the specific flux through the membranes reaching an essentially constant relatively high value because the vertical deployment of fibers allows bubbles to rise upwards along the outer surfaces of the fibers. Further, bubbles flowing along the outer surfaces of the fibers make the fibers surprisingly resistant to being fouled by build-up of deposits of inanimate particles or microorganisms in the substrate provided that the length of each fiber is only slightly greater than the direct center-to-center distance between opposed faces of the headers, preferably in the range from at least 0.1% to about 5% greater. For use in a large reservoir, a bank of skeins is used with a gas distributor means and each skein has fibers preferably >0.5 meter long, which together provide a surface area >10 m2. The terminal end portions of fibers in each header are kept free from fiber-to-fiber contact with a novel method of potting fibers.
摘要翻译： “纤维”的垂直绞索，其相对的端部部分保持在不受限制在模块化壳体内的集管中，用气体分配装置充气，该气体分配装置产生用于外部表面的擦洗刷子功能的气泡质量纤维。膜装置对于相对较少的清洁气体而言令人惊奇地有效，通过膜的比流量达到基本上恒定的相对高的值，因为纤维的垂直展开允许气泡沿着纤维的外表面向上升起。此外，沿着纤维的外表面流动的气泡使得纤维令人惊奇地抵抗由于在基材中沉积无生命的颗粒或微生物的沉积而被污染，条件是每个纤维的长度仅略高于直接中心到 - 集管的相对面之间的中心距离，优选在至少0.1％至约5％的范围内。为了在大型水库中使用，一排绞线与气体分配器一起使用，并且每根绞纱具有优选> 0.5米长的纤维，这些纤维一起提供了10平方米的表面积。通过一种新的灌封纤维的方法，每个集管中的纤维的末端部分保持不受纤维与纤维的接触。

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