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    • 1. 发明授权
    • Anaerobic biodegradation of unsaturated, saturated, aromatic and
halogenated hydrocarbons
    • 不饱和,饱和,芳香和卤代烃的厌氧生物降解
    • US5942117A
    • 1999-08-24
    • US545498
    • 1995-10-19
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. StewartTamara DarsowMacgregor L. Fogelsong
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. StewartTamara DarsowMacgregor L. Fogelsong
    • C02F3/28C02F3/34C02F9/00C02F11/04C12P1/04C12P5/02
    • C02F9/00C02F11/04C02F3/28C02F3/34C12P1/04C12P5/023C02F2103/36Y02E50/343Y10S210/903Y10S210/909
    • An apparatus and method for anaerobic biodegradation, bioremediation or bioprocessing of hydrocarbons dissolved in an aqueous matrix, such as wastewater, groundwater, or slurry. Dissolved alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons), alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons), aromatic hydrocarbons and/or halogenated hydrocarbons are metabolized or cometabolized. In one form, the invention involves introducing an aqueous stream comprising at least one dissolved aromatic hydrocarbon (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, or p-cresol) and a dissolved oxide of nitrogen �such as nitrate (NO.sub.3.sup.-), nitrite (NO.sub.2.sup.-), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N.sub.2 O)!to a reactor, and operating said reactor under conditions that support denitrification of the aromatic hydrocarbon. Alternatively, the aqueous stream may comprise at least one alkane (such as ethane) and/or at least one alkene (such as ethene or ethylene) and biodegradation of these compounds is accomplished. In a preferred form, the aqueous stream also comprises at least one dissolved halogenated hydrocarbon (such as tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, or 1,1,1-trichloroethane) and dehalogenation of the halogenated hydrocarbon is accomplished. The reactor may be a continuous stirred tank reactor, a batch (or sequencing batch) reactor, a plug-flow reactor, a fixed-film reactor, or a pore space in an underground aquifer in situ. The reactor is operated in such a way that molecular oxygen is excluded from the space or zone in which the biodegradation is occurring and the other requirements of denitrifying bacteria are met. In some implementations, kinetic control (control of mean cell residence time) is used to enrich a denitrifying culture in the reactor.
    • 用于厌氧生物降解,生物修复或溶解在含水基质如废水,地下水或浆液中的烃的生物处理的装置和方法。 溶解的烷烃(饱和烃),烯烃(不饱和烃),芳烃和/或卤代烃被代谢或代谢。 在一种形式中,本发明涉及引入包含至少一种溶解的芳族烃(例如苯,甲苯,乙苯,邻二甲苯,间二甲苯,对二甲苯,苯酚,邻甲酚,间甲酚或 对甲酚)和氮的溶解氧化物(例如硝酸盐(NO 3 - ),亚硝酸盐(NO 2 - ),一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化二氮(N 2 O)]),并在支持反硝化的条件下操作所述反应器 的芳烃。 或者,水流可以包含至少一种烷烃(例如乙烷)和/或至少一种烯烃(例如乙烯或乙烯),并且实现这些化合物的生物降解。 在优选形式中,水流还包含至少一种溶解的卤代烃(例如四氯乙烯,三氯乙烯或1,1,1-三氯乙烷),并且完成卤代烃的脱卤。 反应器可以是在地下含水层中的连续搅拌釜反应器,分批(或测序批料)反应器,活塞流反应器,固定膜反应器或孔隙空间。 反应器的运行方式是从生物降解发生的空间或区域排除分子氧,满足反硝化细菌的其他要求。 在一些实施方案中,使用动力学控制(平均细胞停留时间的控制)来富集反应器中的反硝化培养物。
    • 2. 发明授权
    • Anaerobic biodegradation of unsaturated, saturated, aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons
    • 不饱和,饱和,芳香和卤代烃的厌氧生物降解
    • US06251657B1
    • 2001-06-26
    • US09312014
    • 1999-05-14
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. StewartTamara DarsowMacgregor L. Fogelsong
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. StewartTamara DarsowMacgregor L. Fogelsong
    • C12N112
    • C02F9/00C02F3/28C02F3/34C02F11/04C02F2103/36C12P1/04C12P5/023C12R1/01Y02E50/343Y10S210/903Y10S210/909
    • An apparatus and method for anaerobic biodegradation, bioremediation or bioprocessing of hydrocarbons dissolved in an aqueous matrix, such as wastewater, groundwater, or slurry. Dissolved alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons), alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons), aromatic hydrocarbons and/or halogenated hydrocarbons are metabolized or cometabolized. In one form, the invention involves introducing an aqueous stream comprising at least one dissolved aromatic hydrocarbon (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, or p-cresol) and a dissolved oxide of nitrogen [such as nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O)] to a reactor, and operating said reactor under conditions that support denitrification of the aromatic hydrocarbon. Alternatively, the aqueous stream may comprise at least one alkane (such as ethane) and/or at least one alkene (such as ethene or ethylene) and biodegradation of these compounds is accomplished. In a preferred form, the aqueous stream also comprises at least one dissolved halogenated hydrocarbon (such as tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, or 1,1,1-trichloroethane) and dehalogenation of the halogenated hydrocarbon is accomplished. The reactor may be a continuous stirred tank reactor, a batch (or sequencing batch) reactor, a plug-flow reactor, a fixed-film reactor, or a pore space in an underground aquifer in situ. The reactor is operated in such a way that molecular oxygen is excluded from the space or zone in which the biodegradation is occurring and the other requirements of denitrifying bacteria are met. In some implementations, kinetic control (control of mean cell residence time) is used to enrich a denitrifying culture in the reactor.
    • 用于厌氧生物降解,生物修复或溶解在含水基质如废水,地下水或浆液中的烃的生物处理的装置和方法。 溶解的烷烃(饱和烃),烯烃(不饱和烃),芳烃和/或卤代烃被代谢或代谢。 在一种形式中,本发明涉及引入包含至少一种溶解的芳族烃(例如苯,甲苯,乙苯,邻二甲苯,间二甲苯,对二甲苯,苯酚,邻甲酚,间甲酚或 对甲酚)和氮的溶解氧化物(例如硝酸盐(NO 3 - ),亚硝酸盐(NO 2 - ),一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化二氮(N 2 O)]),并在支持反硝化的条件下操作所述反应器 的芳烃。 或者,水流可以包含至少一种烷烃(例如乙烷)和/或至少一种烯烃(例如乙烯或乙烯),并且实现这些化合物的生物降解。 在优选形式中,水流还包含至少一种溶解的卤代烃(例如四氯乙烯,三氯乙烯或1,1,1-三氯乙烷),并且完成卤代烃的脱卤。 反应器可以是在地下含水层中的连续搅拌釜反应器,分批(或测序批料)反应器,活塞流反应器,固定膜反应器或孔隙空间。 反应器的运行方式是从生物降解发生的空间或区域排除分子氧,满足反硝化细菌的其他要求。 在一些实施方案中,使用动力学控制(平均细胞停留时间的控制)来富集反应器中的反硝化培养物。
    • 3. 发明授权
    • Method and apparatus for extracting precious metals from their ores and
the product thereof
    • 从其矿石中提取贵金属的方法和设备及其产品
    • US5672194A
    • 1997-09-30
    • US436726
    • 1995-05-08
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. StewartTamara Darsow
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. StewartTamara Darsow
    • C22B3/18C22B11/00C22B3/02
    • C22B3/18C22B11/04Y02P10/234Y10S423/17
    • A method and apparatus for extraction of precious metals from their ores and the product thereof. Oxidized ore comprising a precious metal is exposed to a leaching solution (lixiviant) comprising a relatively high concentration (fugacity) of dissolved hydrogen sulfide gas, a relatively high concentration (activity) of bisulfide ions, and a relatively low concentration (fugacity) of dissolved hydrogen gas. The hydrogen sulfide gas and bisulfide ions are preferably added to the solution by sulfate-reducing bacteria growing in a medium comprising dissolved sulfate ions and dissolved nitrate ions, but abiotic sources may also be used. Examples of such bacteria include mesophilic, fresh-water species such as Desulfobacterium catecholicum DSM 3882 and Desulfovibrio simplex DSM 4141; mesophilic, salt-water species such as Desulfovibrio salexigens DSM 2638; and thermophilic, fresh-water species such as Desulfomaculum kuznetsovii VKM B-1805. The complexed precious metal is recovered from the lixiviant.
    • 从其矿石中提取贵金属的方法和设备及其产品。 包含贵金属的氧化矿物暴露于包含相对高浓度(逸度)的溶解硫化氢气体,较高浓度(活性)二硫化物离子和较低浓度(逸度)溶解的浸出溶液(浸液) 氢气。 优选通过在包含溶解的硫酸根离子和溶解的硝酸根离子的培养基中生长的硫酸盐还原细菌将硫化氢气体和二硫化物离子加入到溶液中,但也可以使用非生物来源。 这样的细菌的实例包括嗜温淡水物种如枯草杆菌DSM 3882和Desulfovibrio simplex DSM 4141; 嗜温盐水物种,例如脱硫抗病毒沙门氏菌DSM 2638; 和嗜热淡水物种,如Desulfomaculum kuznetsovii VKM B-1805。 复合的贵金属从浸取物中回收。
    • 5. 发明授权
    • Method and apparatus for pressure and level transmission and sensing
    • 用于压力和液位传输和感测的方法和装置
    • US5406828A
    • 1995-04-18
    • US153178
    • 1993-11-16
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • G01F1/36G01F1/44G01F23/16G01N1/10G01N9/28G01N35/00
    • G01F1/44G01F1/363G01F23/168G01N1/10G01N35/00732G01N35/00871G01N9/28G01N2001/1043G01N2035/00782G01N2035/00881
    • This invention provides a method and apparatus for transmitting and sensing liquid pressure (head) and liquid level (depth) in flow metering, tide gauge and liquid salinity or slurry density measurement applications. The invention essentially eliminates the effect of pressure sensor temperature variations and the effect of long-term pressure sensor signal drift on pressure sensing accuracy by resetting the zero and gain of the pressure sensor prior to pressure measurement. A variety of sources of a known differential pressure may be used to reset the gain of the differential pressure sensor by simultaneously exposing both sides of the differential pressure sensor to the known differential pressure. In one embodiment of the invention, the head loss through exhaust port of a spring-biased comparitor is the known pressure differential used to reset the pressure sensor gain. In another embodiment, a U-tube manometer is used to set a known differential pressure across an adjustable differential pressure regulator or an adjustable spring-biased comparitor and that pressure differential is used. The invention provides accurate bubbler pressure measurement under conditions of rapidly varying liquid head by means of a single calibration of a differential pressure sensor instead of sequential calibrations of a gauge pressure sensor. The present invention provides a compact and lightweight manifold-mounted pneumatic integrated circuit and a method for in situ recalibration of relatively inexpensive pressure sensors.
    • 本发明提供了一种用于在流量计,潮汐计和液体盐度或浆料浓度测量应用中传输和感测液体压力(头部)和液位(深度)的方法和装置。 通过在压力测量之前复位压力传感器的零点和增益,本发明基本上消除了压力传感器温度变化的影响以及长期压力传感器信号漂移对压力感测精度的影响。 可以使用已知压差的各种来源,通过同时将差压传感器的两侧暴露于已知的压差来重置差压传感器的增益。 在本发明的一个实施例中,通过弹簧偏置的比较器的排气口的头部损失是用于复位压力传感器增益的已知压力差。 在另一个实施例中,使用U型管压力计来设置跨越可调压差调节器或可调节弹簧偏置的比较器的已知压差,并且使用压力差。 本发明通过差压传感器的单次校准而不是表压式传感器的顺序校准,在快速变化的液体头的条件下提供精确的起泡器压力测量。 本发明提供了一种紧凑且重量轻的歧管安装的气动集成电路和用于相对便宜的压力传感器的原位重新校准的方法。
    • 6. 发明授权
    • Microbial dehalogenation using methanosarcina
    • 微生物脱卤使用甲基吗啉
    • US5342769A
    • 1994-08-30
    • US940439
    • 1992-09-04
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • C02F3/28C02F3/34C02F11/04C12P1/04C12P5/02C02F3/30
    • C02F3/28C02F11/04C02F3/34C12P1/04C12P5/023C02F2101/32C02F2101/36Y02E50/343Y02W10/23
    • A method for bioremediation of hazardous wastes is disclosed. The method can be used for anaerobic treatment of a liquid or slurry hazardous waste stream (e.g., industrial wastewater or sludge) or for treatment of contaminated groundwater. Removal of halogenated (e.g., chlorinated) hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and similar xenobiotics is possible. The method involves biotransformation of (dehalogenation) halogenated hydrocarbons by means of natural methanogenic bacteria, Methanosarcina barkeri strain 227 and/or Methanosarcina vacuolata. These methanogens can accomplish cometabolism of chlorinated hydrocarbons during metabolism of a primary substrate such as hydrogen-carbon dioxide, methanol, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine and acetate. Reductive dechlorination, energy conservation and control of air pollution are accomplished.
    • 公开了一种危险废物生物修复的方法。 该方法可用于对液体或浆料有害废物流(例如工业废水或污泥)进行厌氧处理或用于处理污染的地下水。 可以除去卤代(例如氯化)烃,例如四氯乙烯,三氯乙烯,1,1,1-三氯乙烷和类似的异生物。 该方法包括通过天然甲烷生成细菌,甲烷甲烷菌株227和/或空白菌(Methanosarcina hollowolata)生物转化(脱卤)卤代烃。 这些产甲烷菌可以在一级底物例如氢二氧化碳,甲醇,甲胺,二甲胺,三甲胺和乙酸酯的代谢过程中完成氯代烃的代谢。 还原脱氯,节约能源和控制空气污染。
    • 7. 发明授权
    • Method and apparatus for bioremediation of mixed hazardous wastes
    • 混合危险废物生物修复的方法和装置
    • US5922204A
    • 1999-07-13
    • US926047
    • 1992-08-04
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • C02F3/28C02F3/34C02F11/04C12P1/04C12P5/02
    • C12P5/023C02F11/04C02F3/28C02F3/34C12M21/04C12M45/00C12P1/04C02F2101/32C02F2101/36Y02E50/343Y02W10/23
    • A method and apparatus for bioremediation of mixed hazardous waste is discussed. The method and apparatus can be used for treatment of a liquid or slurry hazardous waste stream (e.g., industrial wastewater or sludge) or for treatment of contaminated groundwater. Removal of the following constituents is possible: (1) aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, phenols and cresols, (2) halogenated (e.g., chlorinated) hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and similar xenobiotics, (3) heavy metals, such as copper, lead, zinc, lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium, (4) acids, such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and (5) salts, such as sulfates and nitrates. One embodiment of the invention involves the steps of denitrification (e.g., nitrate reduction), sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and aerobic respiration. Other embodiments delete the denitrification, sulfate-reduction or aerobic respiration steps. In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the denitrification and/or sulfate-reduction steps occur in a suspended continuous culture reactor under kinetic control, while the methanogenesis may occur in a biofilm (e.g., in a packed bed reactor or in situ underground.) Reductive dechlorination, control of pH, energy conservation and control of air pollution are accomplished.
    • 讨论了混合危险废物生物修复的方法和装置。 该方法和装置可用于处理液体或浆料危险废物流(例如,工业废水或污泥)或用于处理受污染的地下水。 可以除去以下组分:(1)芳族烃,如苯,甲苯,乙苯,二甲苯,酚和甲酚,(2)卤代(如氯化)烃,如四氯乙烯,三氯乙烯,1,1,1 三氯乙烷和类似的异种生物,(3)重金属如铜,铅,锌,铅,汞,镉和铬,(4)酸,如硫酸和硝酸,和(5) 硫酸盐和硝酸盐。 本发明的一个实施方案涉及脱氮(例如硝酸盐还原),硫酸盐还原,甲烷生成和有氧呼吸的步骤。 其他实施方案删除脱氮,硫酸还原或有氧呼吸步骤。 在优选的实施方案中,至少部分脱氮和/或硫酸还原步骤在动力学控制下在悬浮的连续培养反应器中进行,而甲烷生成可以在生物膜中发生(例如,在填充床反应器中或原位地下 。)还原脱氯,控制pH值,节能和控制空气污染。
    • 8. 发明授权
    • Biocatalyzed anaerobic oxidation of metal sulfides for recovery of metal
values
    • 生物催化氧化金属硫化物回收金属价值
    • US5914441A
    • 1999-06-22
    • US662050
    • 1996-06-12
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • Robert M. HunterFrank M. Stewart
    • C22B3/02C22B3/18
    • C22B11/04C22B3/18Y02P10/234Y10S423/17
    • A method and apparatus for anaerobic oxidation of metal sulfides in ores and concentrates. Base-metal and precious-metal ores and concentrates often contain metal sulfides, such iron sulfides (e.g., pyrite, pyrhotite, arsenopyrite, etc.), copper sulfides (e.g., chalcopyrite, chalcocite, etc.), zinc sulfides (e.g., sphalerite, etc.) and/or lead sulfides (e.g., galena, etc.) and/or other metal sulfides), that must be oxidized in order to recover metal values (e.g., gold, silver, or platinum group elements) from the ores. In the present invention, these metal sulfides are oxidized in one reactor under anaerobic or anoxic conditions using oxidized metal ions, such as ferrous ions (Fe.sup.+3), as the oxidizing agent. Anaerobic oxidation of elemental sulfur that is produced by metal sulfide oxidation is biocatalyzed by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, or or Sulfolobus sp. The oxidized metal ions are produced biologically by iron-oxidizing bacteria in another reactor under aerobic conditions. In a preferred embodiment, the anaerobic reactor is an upflow, counter-current reactor having a fluidized bed of ore or concentrate particles and the aerobic reactor is a plug-flow reactor or a biofilm reactor.
    • 一种用于矿物和精矿中金属硫化物的厌氧氧化的方法和装置。 碱金属和贵金属矿石和浓缩物通常含有金属硫化物,例如硫化铁(例如黄铁矿,黄铁矿,砷黄铁矿等),硫化铜(例如黄铜矿,辉铜矿等),硫化锌(例如闪锌矿 等)和/或硫化铅(例如,方铅矿等)和/或其他金属硫化物),其必须被氧化以从矿石中回收金属值(例如金,银或铂族元素) 。 在本发明中,这些金属硫化物在厌氧或缺氧条件下在一个反应​​器中使用氧化金属离子(例如亚铁离子(Fe + 3))氧化作为氧化剂。 通过金属硫化物氧化产生的元素硫的厌氧氧化由硫氧化细菌如硫氧化硫杆菌,硫氧化硫杆菌或硫氰酸梭菌生物催化。 氧化金属离子是在有氧条件下在另一个反应器中通过铁氧化细菌生物生产的。 在优选的实施方案中,厌氧反应器是具有矿石或浓缩物颗粒的流化床的向上流逆流反应器,需氧反应器是活塞流反应器或生物膜反应器。